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Opening the Terminal
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\marginnote{The \emph{terminal} gives you access to what is called a \emph{shell}. When you type a command in the \gls{terminal} the \gls{shell} interprets this command, resulting in the desired action. Different types of shells accept slightly different commands. The most popular is called ``bash,'' and is the default shell in Ubuntu.} You can open the terminal by clicking \menu{Applications \then Accessories \then Terminal}.
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When the terminal window opens, it will be largely blank apart from some text at the top left of the screen, followed by a blinking block. This text is your \gls{prompt}\dash it displays your login name and your computer's name, followed by the current directory. \marginnote{In \acronym{GUI} environments the term ``folder'' is commonly used to describe a place where files are stored. In \acronym{CLI} environments the term ``directory'' is used to describe the same thing and this metaphor is exposed in many commands (\ie, \code{cd} or \code{pwd}) throughout this chapter.} The tilde (\textasciitilde) means that the current directory is your home directory. Finally, the blinking block is the \gls{cursor}\dash this marks where text will be entered as you type.
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To test a terminal command, type \userinput{pwd} and press \keystroke{Enter}. The terminal should display \code{/home/\emph{yourusername}}. This text is called the ``\gls{output}.'' You have just used the \commandlineapp{pwd} (print working directory) command, which outputs (displays) the current directory.
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\screenshot{06-default-terminal.png}{ss:default-terminal}{The default terminal window allows you to run hundreds of useful commands.}
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All commands in the terminal follow the same approach: Type a command, possibly followed by some \glspl{parameter}, and press \keystroke{Enter} to perform the specified action. \marginnote{\emph{Parameters} are extra segments of text, usually added at the end of a command, that change how the command itself is interpreted. These usually take the form of \userinput{-h} or \userinput{--help}, for example. In fact, \userinput{--help} can be added to most commands to display a short description of the command, as well as a list of any other parameters that can be used with that command.} Often some output will be displayed that confirms the action was completed successfully, although this depends on the command. For example, using the \commandlineapp{cd} command to change your current directory (see below) will change the prompt, but will not display any output.
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The rest of this chapter covers some very common uses of the terminal. However, it cannot address the nearly infinite possibilities available to you when using the command-line interface in Ubuntu. Throughout the second part of this manual, we will continue to refer to the command line, particularly when discussing steps involved in troubleshooting and the more advanced management of your computer.
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1372.
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Ubuntu file system structure
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Ubuntu uses the Linux file system, which is based on a series of folders in the root directory. Each of these folders contains important system files that cannot be modified unless you are running as the root user or use \emph{sudo}. This restriction exists for both security and safety reasons: computer viruses will not be able to change the core system files, and ordinary users should not be able to accidentally damage anything vital.
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Below are some of the most important directories.
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