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\screenshot{02-Launcher.png}{ss:Launcher}{The Ubuntu 12.10 Launcher on the left with a sample of applications on it.} \index{Launcher} The vertical bar of icons on the left side of the screen is called the Launcher. The Launcher provides easy access to applications, mounted devices, and the \menu{Trash}. All running applications on your system will place an icon in the Launcher while the application is running. The first icon at the top of the Launcher is the Dash, a major innovation and core element of \application{Unity} \dash we will explore the Dash in a later section of this chapter. By default, other applications appear on the Launcher, including \application{LibreOffice} and \application{Firefox}, the \menu{workspace switcher} lens, any mounted devices, and, of course, the always-important \menu{Trash} lens at the bottom of the Launcher. \marginnote{The \application{workspace switcher} helps you to select the workspace or the window you want. \menu{Trash} contains deleted files.} \marginnote{Tip: Pressing \keystroke{Super+S} will show the content of the workspaces on one screen. Super key is also known as the Windows key (Win key). It is located between the left \keystroke{Strg} key and \keystroke{Alt} key.}

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\marginnote{If you hold the Super key, a number will appear on each of the first ten applications, along with a margin containing useful shortcuts. You can launch an application with a number \textit{n} on it by typing \keystroke{Super+\textit{n}}.} To run an application from the Launcher (or cause an already-running application to appear), just click on the application's icon. Running applications will have one or more triangles on the left side of the icon, indicating the number of application windows open for this application. The application in the foreground (meaning on top of all other open application windows) is indicated by a single white triangle on the right side of its icon. You can also run an application through the Dash. We will talk about the Dash, in the \seclink{sec:dash} section.

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\marginnote{The Dash allows you to search for information, both locally (installed applications, recent files, bookmarks, etc.) as well as remotely (Twitter, Google Docs, etc.). This is accomplished by utilizing one or more lenses, each responsible for providing a category of search results for the Dash. For more information about the Dash and its lenses, see: \url{https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Unity}.} The Dash is a tool to help you access and find applications and files on your computer quickly. If you are a Windows user, you'll find the Dash to be a more advanced \emph{Start Menu}. If you are a Mac user, the Dash is similar to \application{Launchpad} in the dock. If you've used a previous version of Ubuntu or another \acronym{GNOME} Linux distribution, the Dash replaces the \acronym{GNOME}~2 menus. To explore the Dash, click on the top-most icon on the Launcher; the icon has the Ubuntu logo on it. After selecting the Dash icon, another window will appear with a search bar on the top as well as grouping of recently accessed applications, files, and downloads. The search bar provides \marginnote{There are many sites now on the Internet dedicated to creating and releasing lenses for the Ubuntu Unity desktop. Some sites even teach you how to make your own lenses and maximize the efficencies of the Ubuntu Unity interface.} dynamic results as you enter your search terms. The eight lenses at the bottom are links to your \emph{Home} lens, \emph{Applications} lens, \emph{Wikipedia} lens, \emph{Files and Folders} lens, \emph{Social} lens, \emph{Music} lens, \emph{Photo} lens, and \emph{Videos} lens. Lenses act as specialized search categories in the Dash. \screenshot{02-dash-home.png}{ss:dash-home}{The Dash}

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In addition to finding applications and files on your local computer using the Dash's search bar, the search criteria is also passed to to the Internet, and results pertinent to your search criteria are return in the Dash. This is a new feature in Ubuntu with the release of 12.10. If you are concerned about local search terms being sent to external resources, you can use the ``kill switch'' provided in the privacy section of the System Settings to disable all online search results. \warning{The online search results within the Dash are turned on by default during installation. If you do not want external search results, go to \menu{System Settings \then Privacy \then Search Results} and switch \emph{off} the ``include online search results'' switch.}

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When opening a program in Ubuntu (such as a web browser or a text editor\dash see \chaplink{ch:default-applications} for more information on using applications)\dash a \emph{window} will appear on your desktop. The windows in Ubuntu are very similar to those in Microsoft Windows or Mac \acronym{OS~X}. Simply stated, a window is the box that appears on your screen when you start a program. In Ubuntu, the top part of a window (the \emph{titlebar}) will have the name of the application to the left (most often, the title will be the name of the application). A window will also have three buttons in the top-left corner. From left to right, these buttons represent \emph{close}, \emph{minimize} window, and \emph{maximize} window. Other window management options are available by right-clicking anywhere on the title bar.

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\screenshot{02-window-buttons.png}{ss:window-buttons}{This is the top bar of a window, named \emph{titlebar}. The close, minimize, and maximize buttons are on the top-left corner of window.} To close a window, click on the \closebutton{} in the upper-left corner of the window\dash the first button on the left-hand side. The button immediately to the right of the \closebutton{} is the \gls{minimize} button (\minimizebutton) which removes the window from the visible screen and places it in the Launcher. This button doesn't close the application, it just hides the application from view. When an application is minimized to the Launcher, the left-side of the icon in the Launcher will display a triangle showing you the application is still running. Clicking the icon of the application that is minimized will restore the window to its original position. Finally, the right-most button (\maximizebutton) is the \gls{maximize} button, which makes the application window fill the entire screen. Clicking the \gls{maximize} button again will return the window to its original size. If a window is maximized, its top-left buttons and menu are automatically hidden from view. To make them appear, just move your mouse to the \emph{menu bar}.

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At times, you may want to have a \emph{window always on top} so that it can be seen or monitored while you work with other applications. For example, you may want to browse the web and, at the same time, view and answer to any incoming instant message. To keep a window on top, right-click on the window's titlebar, then select \dropdown{Always On Top}. Note that this window will be on the top of all windows that are opened in the current workspace. If you want to have a window always on the top regardless of the workspace, right-click on the window's titlebar, then select \dropdown{Always on Visible Workspace}. This window will now be on top of all other windows across all workspaces.

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[toolbar] The toolbar contains tools for navigation. On the right is the search icon (which looks like a magnifying glass); clicking on this icon opens a field so you can search for a file or folder by name. \marginnote{If you start typing a location in the toolbar starting with a / character, \application{Nautilus} will automatically change the navigation buttons into a text field labeled \emph{Location}. It is also possible to convert the navigation buttons into a text field by pressing \keystroke{Ctrl+L}.} Just below the toolbar, you will see a representation of your current browsing. This is similar to the history function in most browsers; it keeps track of where you are and allows you to backtrack if necessary. You can click on the locations to navigate back through the file browser.

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\marginnote{You can also use the keyboard shortcuts \keystroke{Ctrl+X}, \keystroke{Ctrl+C} and \keystroke{Ctrl+V} to cut, copy, and paste (respectively) files and folders.} You can copy files or folders in \application{Nautilus} by clicking \menu{Edit\then Copy}, or by right-clicking on the item and selecting \button{Copy} from the popup menu. When using the \button{Edit} menu in \application{Nautilus}, make sure you've selected the file or folder you want to copy first (by left-clicking on it once). Multiple files can be selected by left-clicking in an empty space (\ie, not on a file or folder), holding the mouse button down, and dragging the cursor across the desired files or folders. This ``click-drag'' move is useful when you are selecting items that are grouped closely together. To select multiple files or folders that are not positioned next to each other, hold down the \keystroke{Ctrl} key while clicking on each item individually. Once multiple files and/or folders are selected, you can use the \menu{Edit} menu to perform actions just like you would for a single item. \marginnote{When you ``cut'' or ``copy'' a file or folder, nothing will happen until you ``paste'' it somewhere. Paste will only affect the most recent item that was cut or copied.} When one or more items have been ``copied,'' navigate to the desired location then click \menu{Edit \then Paste} (or right-click in an empty area of the window and select \button{Paste}) to copy them to the new location. \marginnote{In the Nautilus \button{Edit} menu, you will also find the \button{Copy To} and \button{Move To} buttons. These can be used to copy or move items to common locations and can be useful if you are using panes (see below). Note that it is unnecessary to use \button{Paste} when using these options.} While the \emph{copy} command can be used to make a duplicate of a file or folder in a new location, the \emph{cut} command can be used to move files and folders around. That is, a copy will be placed in a new location, and the original will be removed from its current location. To move a file or folder, select the item you want to move then click \menu{Edit \then Cut}. Navigate to the desired location, then click \menu{Edit \then Paste}. \marginnote{If you click on a file or folder, drag it, and then hold down the \keystroke{Alt} key and drop it to your destination folder, a menu will appear asking whether you want to \emph{copy}, \emph{, move}, or \emph{link} the item. Notice that the symbol of the mouse cursor changes from an arrow into a question mark as soon as you hold down the \keystroke{Alt} key.} As with the \emph{copy} command above, you can also perform this action using the right-click menu, and it will work for multiple files or folders at once. An alternative way to move a file or folder is to click on the item, and then drag it to the new location.

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Opening multiple \application{Nautilus} windows can be useful for dragging files and folders between locations. The option of \emph{tabs} (as well as \emph{panes}) is also available in \application{Nautilus}. \marginnote{When dragging items between \application{Nautilus} windows, tabs, or panes, a small symbol will appear over the mouse cursor to let you know which action will be performed when you release the mouse button. A plus sign (+) indicates you are about to copy the item, whereas a small arrow means the item will be moved. The default action will depend on the folders you are using.} To open a second windows when browsing a folder in \application{Nautilus}, select \menu{File \then New Window} or press \keystroke{Ctrl+N}. This will open a new window, allowing you to drag files and/or folders between two locations. To open a new tab, click \menu{File \then New Tab} or press \keystroke{Ctrl+T}. A new row will appear above the space used for browsing your files containing two tabs\dash both will display the directory you were originally browsing. You can click these tabs to switch between them to click and drag files or folders between tabs the same as you would between windows. You can also open a second pane in \application{Nautilus} so you can see two locations at once without having to switch between tabs or windows. To open a second pane, click \menu{View \then Extra Pane}, or press \keystroke{F3} on your keyboard. Again, dragging files and folders between panes is a quick way to move or copy items.