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\marginnote{Ubuntu 12.04 places an emphasis on ``social from the start'' and features social network integration in the desktop for sites like Twitter and Facebook.} Initially, you may notice many similarities between Ubuntu and other operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows or Mac \acronym{OS X}. This is because they are all based on the concept of a graphical user interface (\gls{GUI})\dash \ie, you use your mouse to navigate the desktop, open applications, move files, and perform most other tasks. In short, things are visually-oriented. This chapter is designed to help you become familiar with various applications and menus in Ubuntu so that you become confident in using the Ubuntu \acronym{GUI}. \screenshot{02-1204-desktop.png}{ss:blank-desktop}{The Ubuntu 12.04 default desktop.}
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\warning{Unity comes in two versions\dash \emph{Unity 2D} and \emph{Unity 3D}. By default, Ubuntu installs the \emph{Unity 3D} interface. This interface is a graphic intensive desktop interface allowing for smooth transitions, stacking icons in the Launcher, and transparent utility and shell windows, to name a few features. \emph{Unity 2D} is a less-graphic-intensive shell interface\dash equal in comparsion to its ``big brother''. \emph{Unity 2D} is available as an additional download. Although the two variants of Unity may show slight differences in the ``look and feel'' of the desktop, Unity does not impact the functionality of the application or utility being displayed. The details of how Unity came to replace GNOME, features of the Unity interface, and how to install both types, can be found by searching \emph{Unity user interface} at \url{http://en.wikipedia.org}}.
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The menu bar incorporates common functions used in Ubuntu 12.04. The icons on the far-right of the menu bar are called the \emph{indicator area}. Each installation of Ubuntu may contain slightly different types and quantities of icons based on a number of factors, including type of hardware and available on-board accessories. The most common indicators are (starting from the left): \marginnote{For more about: \begin{itemize} \item the \application{Messaging Indicator} see \seclink{sec:micro-blogging}; \item the \application{Network Indicator} see \seclink{sec:getting-online}; \item the \application{Session Indicator} see \seclink{sec:session-options}. \end{itemize}}
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allows you to select the keyboard layout you would like and change your keyboard preferences. \marginnote{The \emph{keyboard indicator} only shows when you have chosen more than one keyboard layout in the keyboard settings during installation.}
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\marginscreenshot{02-indicators.png}{ss:indicators}{The Indicators of the menu bar.} Every application has a menuing system where different actions can be executed in an application (like \menu{File}, \menu{Edit}, \menu{View}, etc.); the menuing system for an application is appropriately called the \menu{application menu}. In \application{Unity}, the \emph{application menu} isn't on the titlebar of the application as is commonly the case with other \acronym{GUI} environments. \marginnote{Note that some older applications may still display their menu within the application window.} Instead, it is located to the left area of the menu bar. To show an application's menu, just move your mouse to the Ubuntu desktop's menu bar. While your mouse is positioned here, the active application's menus will superimpose itself over the Ubuntu desktop's menu bar, allowing you to use the application's menus. Moving your mouse away from the menu bar will allow Ubuntu desktop's menu bar to reappear. This capability of \application{Unity} to only show the application's menu when needed is especially beneficial for netbook and laptop users as it provides you with more free work space.
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\screenshot{02-Launcher.png}{ss:Launcher}{The Ubuntu 12.04 Launcher on the left with a sample of applications on it.} \index{Launcher} The vertical bar of icons on the left side of the screen is called the Launcher. The Launcher provides easy access to applications, mounted devices, and the \menu{Trash}. All running applications on your system will place an icon in the Launcher while the application is running. The first icon at the top of the Launcher is the Dash, a major innovation and core element of \application{Unity} \dash we will explore the Dash in a later section of this chapter. By default, other applications appear on the Launcher, including applications such as \application{LibreOffice} and \application{Firefox}, the \menu{workspace switcher} lens, any mounted devices, and, of course, the always-important \menu{Trash} lens at the bottom of the Launcher. \marginnote{\application{workspace switcher} helps you to select the workspace or the window you want. \menu{Trash} contains deleted files.} \marginnote{Tip: Pressing \keystroke{Super+S} will show the content of the workspaces on one screen.}
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\marginnote{If you hold the Super key, a number will appear on each of the first ten applications, along with a margin containing useful shortcuts. You can launch an application with a number $n$ on it by typing \keystroke{Super+$n$}.} To run an application from the Launcher (or cause an already-running application to appear), just click on the application's icon. Running applications will have one or more triangles on the left side of its icon, indicating the number of application windows open for this application. The application in the foreground (meaning on top of all other open application windows) is indicated by a single white triangle on the right side of its icon. You can also run an application through the Dash. We will talk about the Dash, in the \seclink{sec:dash} section.
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\marginnote{The Dash allows you to search for information, both locally (installed applications, recent files, bookmarks, etc.) as well as remotely (Twitter, Google Docs, etc.). This is accomplished by utilizing one or more lenses, each responsible for providing a category of search results for the Dash. For more information about the Dash and its lens, see: \url{https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Unity}} The Dash is a tool to help you access and find applications and files on your computer quickly. If you are a Windows user, you'll find the Dash to be a more advanced \emph{Start Menu}. If you are a Mac user, the Dash is similar to \application{Launchpad} in the dock. If you've used a previous version of Ubuntu or another \acronym{GNOME} Linux distribution, the Dash replaces the \acronym{GNOME 2} menus. To explore the Dash, click on the top-most icon on the Launcher; the icon has the Ubuntu logo on it. After selecting the Dash icon, another window will appear with a search bar on the top as well as grouping of recently accessed applications, files, and downloads. The search bar provides dynamic results as you enter your search terms. The five lenses at the bottom are links to your \emph{Home} lens, \emph{Applications} lens, \emph{Files} lens, and \emph{Music} and \emph{Videos} lenses. Lenses act as specialized search categories in the Dash. \screenshot{02-dash-home.png}{ss:dash-home}{The Dash}
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Dash can help you find the names of files or folders. Simply type in what you remember of the name of the file or folder, and as you type, results will appear in the Dash. The \emph{Files} lens can also assist you in finding files or folders. The \emph{Files} lens shows you the most recent files accessed, as well as recent downloads. You can use the \emph{filter results} button in the top-right corner of the Dash to filter results to your requirements by file or folder modification times, by file type (.odt, .pdf, .doc, .tex., etc.), or by size.
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The standard Ubuntu installation comes with many applications. Users can also download thousands more applications from the \application{Ubuntu Software Center}. \marginnote{Ubuntu Software Center and software management will be discussed in detail at \chaplink{ch:software-management}.} As you collect an arsenal of awesome applications (and get a bonus point for alliteration!), it may become difficult to remember the name of a particular application. Simply use the \emph{Application lens} on the Dash. This lens will automatically categorize installed applications under ``Recently Used,'' ``Installed,'' or ``Apps Available for Download.''\marginnote{If you are new to the world of Ubuntu, be sure to read the \chaplink{ch:default-applications}. It will provide you help in choosing the application(s) that suit your needs.} You can also enter a name of the application (or a part of it), in the search bar in the Dash, and the names of applications matching your search criteria will appear. Even if you don't remember the name of the application at all, type a keyword that is relevant to that application, and the Dash will find it. For example, type \userinput{music}, and the Dash will show you the default music player any any music player you've used). \screenshot{02-applications-lens.png}{ss:applications}{You can see the default results when you press Application lens, and also the criteria on the right side.}
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did some changes in the style/language in order to exist consistency with the rest of the manual -c7p
The Dash is quite clever. Even if you don't know the full name of the application, just type one keyword relevant to the application and it will find the right application in most of the cases. For example, if you want to find a mail client, type in \userinput{mail} or \userinput{send}, and the Dash will do the rest.
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