Translations by Kitt Tientanopajai

\newglossaryentry{decrypted}{name={decrypted}, description={When you decrypt an encrypted file it becomes \gls{decrypted}, and viewable. Encrypted files on Ubuntu are not recognizable in any language, they are just a string of random numbers and letters until they are \gls{decrypted} using a password.}}

\newglossaryentry{desktop environment}{name={desktop environment}, description={A generic term to describe a \acronym{GUI} interface for humans to interact with computers. There are many desktop environments such as \acronym{GNOME}, \acronym{KDE}, \acronym{XFCE} and \acronym{LXDE} just to name a few.}}

\newglossaryentry{DHCP}{name={\acronym{DHCP}}, description={\acronym{DHCP} stands for \emph{Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol}, it is used by a \acronym{DHCP} \gls{server} to assign computers on a network an \acronym{IP} address automatically.}}

\newglossaryentry{distribution}{name={distribution}, description={A \gls{distribution} is a collection of software that is already compiled and configured ready to be installed. Ubuntu is an example of a distribution.}}

\newglossaryentry{GNOME}{name={\acronym{GNOME}}, description={\acronym{GNOME} (which once stood for \acronym{GNU} Network Object Model Environment) is the default desktop environment used in Ubuntu.}}

\newglossaryentry{ISP}{name={\acronym{ISP}}, description={\acronym{ISP} stands for \emph{Internet Service Provider}, an \acronym{ISP} is a company that provides you with your Internet connection.}}

\newglossaryentry{Live CD}{name={Live CD}, description={A \gls{Live CD} allows you to try out an operating system before you actually install it, this is useful for testing your hardware, diagnosing problems and recovering your system.}}

\newglossaryentry{minimize}{name={minimize}, description={When you minimize an open application, the window will no longer be shown. If you click on a minimized application's panel button, it will then be restored to its normal state and allow you to interact with it.}}

\newglossaryentry{notification area}{name={notification area}, description={The notification area is an applet on the panel that provides you with all sorts of information such as volume control, the current song playing in Rhythmbox, your Internet connection status and email status.}}

\newglossaryentry{package}{name={package}, description={Packages contain software in a ready-to-install format. Most of the time you can use the \gls{Software Center} instead of manually installing packages. Packages have a .deb extension in Ubuntu.}}

\newglossaryentry{partition}{name={partition}, description={A partition is an area of allocated space on a hard drive where you can put data.}}

\newglossaryentry{partitioning}{name={partitioning}, description={\gls{partitioning} is the process of creating a \gls{partition}.}}

\newglossaryentry{proprietary}{name={proprietary}, description={Software made by companies that don't release their source code under an open source license.}}

\newglossaryentry{router}{name={router}, description={A router is a specially designed computer that using its software and hardware, routes information from the Internet to a network. It is also sometimes called a gateway.}}

The term ``Ubuntu'' is a traditional African concept that originated from the Bantu languages of southern Africa. It can be described as a way of connecting with others\dash living in a global community where your actions affect all of humanity. Ubuntu is more than just an operating system: it is a community of people that come together voluntarily to collaborate on an international software project that aims to deliver the best possible user experience.

Ubuntu is built on the foundation of Linux, which is a member of the \Index{Unix} family. \Index{Unix} is one of the oldest types of operating systems and has provided reliability and security in professional applications for almost half a century. Many servers around the world that store data for popular websites (such as YouTube and Google) run some variant of a \Index{Unix} system. The Linux \Index{kernel} is best described as the core, or almost the brain, of the operating system.

Many people have contributed their time to this project. If you notice any errors or think we have left something out, feel free to contact us. We do everything we can to make sure that this manual is up to date, informative, and professional. Our contact details are as follows:

Button names, menu items, and other \acronym{GUI} elements are set in \textbf{boldfaced type}.

\screenshot{01-live-cd-welcome.png}{ss:live-cd-welcome}{The ``Welcome'' screen allows you to choose your language.}

This option is selected by default, as it will prevent unauthorized people from accessing your computer without knowing the password you created earlier. This is a good option for those who, for example, share their computer with other family members. Once the installation process has been completed, an additional login account can be created for each family member. Each person will then have their own login name and password, account preferences, Internet bookmarks, and personal storage space.

All \acronym{GUI}-based operating systems use a \emph{desktop environment}. Desktop environments encompass many things, such as:

\marginnote{You can also use the keyboard shortcuts \keystroke{Ctrl+X}, \keystroke{Ctrl+C} and \keystroke{Ctrl+V} to cut, copy and paste (respectively) files and folders.} You can copy files or folders in \application{Nautilus} by clicking \menu{Edit\then Copy}, or by right-clicking on the item and selecting \button{Copy} from the popup menu. When using the \button{Edit} menu in \application{Nautilus}, make sure you've selected the file or folder you want to copy first (by left-clicking on it once).

To save energy, you can put your computer into suspend mode, which will save its current condition and allow you to start more quickly while remaining on but using very little energy. Suspending the computer spins down the hard disk and saves your session to memory, so it is very quick to suspend and resume from suspension.

\screenshot{02-help-center.png}{ss:help-center}{The built-in system help provides topic-based help for Ubuntu.}

If you are in a location with Internet access, you will want to make sure you are connected in order to get the most out of your Ubuntu operating system. This section of the manual will help you check your connection and configure it where necessary. Ubuntu can connect to the Internet using a wired, wireless, or dialup connection. It also supports some more advanced connection methods, which we will briefly discuss at the end of this section.

\gltodo{``wired connection,'' ``router,'' ``Ethernet port,'' ``wireless connection,'' ``dialup connection''} A \gls{wired connection} refers to when your computer is physically connected to a \gls{router} or an \gls{Ethernet port} with a cable. This is the most common connection for desktop computers.

A \gls{wireless connection} is when your computer is connected to the Internet via a wireless radio network, also known as Wi-Fi. Laptop computers commonly use Wi-Fi due to portability, making it easy to access the Internet from different rooms in the house or when traveling.

In order to connect wirelessly, you must be in a location with a working wireless network. To have your own, you will need to purchase and install a \emph{wireless router} or \emph{access point}. Some locations may already have a publicly accessible wireless network available.

\marginnote{If you are unsure whether your computer has a wireless card, check with your manufacturer.} In order to connect to the Internet in Ubuntu, you need to use the \application{NetworkManager} utility. NetworkManager allows you to turn all networking on or off, and helps you manage your wired, wireless, and other connections.

You can access all the functions of NetworkManager using its icon in the top panel. This icon may look different depending on whether you currently have a working connection, and whether the connection is wired or wireless. If you are unsure, try hovering your mouse over the icon until a short description appears near the cursor. This will read ``Wired network connection `Auto eth$0$' active'' (for example) if you have a working wired connection, or otherwise something else related to networking or connections such as ``No connection'' or ``Networking disabled.''

Clicking this icon will bring up a list of network connections that are available to you. If you are currently connected to the Internet, the name of this connection will be highlighted in bold.

If you have an \emph{Ethernet} cable running from a wall socket, a router, or some other device, then you will want to set up a wired network connection in Ubuntu.

If your network supports \acronym{DHCP}, you may already be set up for online access. To check this, click on the NetworkManager icon. There should be a ``Wired Network'' heading in the menu that is displayed. If ``Auto eth$0$'' appears directly underneath, then your computer is currently connected and probably already set up correctly for \acronym{DHCP}. If ``disconnected'' appears in gray underneath the wired network section, look below to see if an option labeled ``Auto eth$0$'' appears in the list. If so, click on it to attempt to establish a wired connection.

\marginnote{An Internet Protocol (\acronym{IP}) address is a numerical label assigned to devices on a computer network. It is the equivalent of phone numbers for your house and allows your computer to be uniquely identified so you can access the Internet and share files with others.} You should see a window showing details about your connection. If your \acronym{IP} address is displayed as 0.0.0.0 or starts with 169.254, then your computer was not successfully provided with an address through \acronym{DHCP}. If it shows another address, it is most likely that your connection was automatically configured correctly. To test out your Internet connection, you may want to open the \application{Firefox} web browser to try loading a web page. More information on using Firefox can be found later in this chapter.

If your network does not support \acronym{DHCP}, then you need to know a few items of information before you can get online.

The list may already have an entry such as ``Auto eth$0$,'' or a similar name. If a connection is listed, select it and then click the \button{Edit} button. If no connection is listed, click the \button{Add} button instead.

If you are adding a connection, you first need to provide a name for the connection so you can distinguish it from any others that are added later. In the ``Connection name'' field, choose a name such as ``Wired connection 1.''

\advanced{A \acronym{MAC} address is a hardware address for your computer's network card, and entering it is sometimes important when using a cable modem connection or similar. If you know the \acronym{MAC} address of your network card, this can be entered in the appropriate text field in the \button{Wired} tab of the editing window.}

When you have returned to the \application{Network Connections} screen, your newly-added connection should now be listed. Click \button{Close} to return to the desktop. If your connection is configured correctly, the NetworkManager icon should have changed to show an active connection. To test if your connection is properly set up, refer to the instructions above for checking a \acronym{DHCP} connection.

\marginnote{To improve speed and reliability of your connection, try to move closer to your router or access point.} Ubuntu is usually able to detect any wireless networks that are available within range of your wireless card. To see a list of wireless networks, click on the NetworkManager icon. Under the ``Wireless Networks'' heading, you should see a list of available wireless networks. Each network will be shown with a name on the left, and a signal meter on the right. A signal meter looks like a series of bars \dash the more bars that are filled in, the stronger the connection will be.

A wireless network may be open to anyone to connect, or may be protected with network security. A small padlock will be displayed next to the signal meter of any wireless networks that are protected. You will need to know the correct password in order to connect to these.

To connect to a wireless network, select the desired network's name from the list. This will be the name that was used when the wireless router or access point was installed. If you are in a workplace or a location with a publicly accessible wireless network, the network name will usually make it easy to identify.

If the network is unprotected (\ie, the network signal meter does not display a padlock), a connection should be established within a few seconds. The NetworkManager icon in the top panel will animate as Ubuntu attempts to establish a connection. If it connects successfully the icon will change to display a signal meter. A notification message in the upper right of your screen will also appear, informing you that a connection was established.

If the network is secured, Ubuntu will display a window called ``Wireless Network Authentication Required'' once it tries to connect. This means that a password is required in order to connect.

If you know the password, enter it in the \textfield{Password} field, and then click \button{Connect}. As you type your password, it will be obscured to prevent others from seeing it. If you prefer, you can select the \checkbox{Show password} option to see the password as you type.

After you click the \button{Connect} button, the NetworkManager icon in the top panel will animate as it tries to connect to the network. If you have entered the correct password, a connection will be established and the NetworkManager icon will change to show signal meter bars. Again, Ubuntu will display a pop up message in the upper right of your screen informing you that a connection was established.