Translations by Daniel Ejsing-Duun

\warning{You do not need to use \application{Evolution} if you are using a webmail system, such as Yahoo Mail, Hotmail, or Gmail. To access these services, use the \application{Firefox} web browser to access them on the web.}

Once you identify the contact you would like to address, click on their name in the list. Then, click on the \button{Add} button to the left of either the ``To,'' ``Cc,'' or ``Bcc'' fields on the right of the screen. Your selected contact will be added to that list. If you've added the contact in error, click their name in the list on the right, and click on the \button{Remove} button. When you are finished picking contacts, click \button{Close} to return to the composing screen.

Your email provider may specify the security settings you will need to use in order to receive email. If your connection does not use security, leave the \dropdown{Use Secure Connection} drop-down list set to \menu{No encryption}. Otherwise, choose either \menu{\acronym{TLS} encryption} or \menu{\acronym{SSL} encryption} as recommended by your email provider.

Once you have connected to the Internet, you should be able to browse the web with Ubuntu. \application{Mozilla Firefox} is the default application for browsing the web in Ubuntu.

If the password and other settings have not changed, Ubuntu will connect to the wireless network you chose. If the password did change, Ubuntu will open the \window{Wireless Network Authentication Required} window. In this case, follow instructions in the previous section.

If you entered the wireless network's password incorrectly, NetworkManager will attempt to establish a connection then return to the \window{Wireless Network Authentication Required} window. You can attempt to enter the correct password again, or click \button{Cancel} to abort your connection. If you do not know the password to the network you have selected, you will need to get the password from the network administrator.

{\bfseries\acronym{DNS} servers} are one or more \acronym{IP} addresses of ``Domain Name System'' servers. These servers convert standard web addresses (like \url{http://www.ubuntu.com}) into \acronym{IP} addresses such as 91.189.94.156. This step allows your computer to ``find'' the correct web site when you type in the web address you wish to visit. A minimum of one \acronym{DNS} server is required, and any additional ones are used in case the first one fails.

If the network is unprotected (\ie, the network signal meter does not display a padlock), a connection should be established within a few seconds. The NetworkManager icon in the top panel will animate as Ubuntu attempts to establish a connection, and if it connects successfully will then change to display signal meter. A notification message in the upper right of your screen will also appear, informing you that a connection was established.

To manually configure a wired connection, right-click on the NetworkManager icon and select \menu{Edit Connections}. Make sure you are looking at the \button{Wired} tab inside the \window{Network Connections} window that is displayed.

You should see a window showing details about your connection. If your \acronym{IP} address is displayed as 0.0.0.0 or starts with 169.254, then your computer was not successfully provided with an address through \acronym{DHCP}. If it shows another address, it is most likely that your connection was automatically configured correctly. To test out your Internet connection, you may want to open the \application{Firefox} web browser to try loading a web page. More information on using Firefox can be found later in this chapter.

An {\bfseries\acronym{IP} address} is a unique address used for identifying your computer on the Internet. When connecting through \acronym{DHCP} this is likely to change at times, however, if your \acronym{ISP} has provided you with a static address then it will not. An \acronym{IP} address is always given in the form of four numbers separated by decimal points, for example, 192.168.0.2.

If you are still not online after following these steps, you may need to try setting up your Internet configuration manually, using a static \acronym{IP} address.

If your network supports \acronym{DHCP}, you may already be set up for online access. To check this, click on the NetworkManager icon. There should be a ``Wired Network'' heading in the menu that is displayed. If ``Auto eth$0$'' appears directly underneath, then your computer is currently connected and probably already set up correctly for \acronym{DHCP}. If ``disconnected'' appears in gray underneath the wired network section, look below to see if an option labeled ``Auto eth$0$'' appears in the list. If so, click on it to attempt to establish a wireless connection.

\marginnote{Many programs have their own help which can be accessed by clicking the \menu{Help} menu within the application window.}

\marginnote{If you are unsure whether your computer has a wireless card, check with your manufacturer.}

\gltodo{``\acronym{DHCP},'' ``\acronym{ISP}''} In order to connect with a wired connection, you need to know whether your network connection supports \gls{DHCP}. This stands for ``Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol,'' and is a way for computers on your network to automatically receive configuration information from your Internet service provider (\gls{ISP}). This is usually the quickest and easiest way of establishing a connection between your computer and your \acronym{ISP} in order to access the Internet, although some \acronym{ISP}s may provide what is called a \emph{static address} instead. If you are unsure whether your \acronym{ISP} supports \acronym{DHCP}, you may wish to contact their customer service line to check. They will also be able to provide you with information on your static address if one has been allocated to you (in many cases \acronym{ISP}s only allocate static addresses to customers upon request).

You can also right-click on the NetworkManager icon. This will open a menu allowing you to enable or disable networking, view technical details about your current connection, or edit all connection settings. In the image above, the check box next to ``Enable Networking'' is currently selected; you can deselect it to disable all network connections. This may be useful if you need to shut off all wireless communication, such as when in an airplane.

Opening multiple \application{Nautilus} windows can be useful for dragging files and folders between locations. The option of \emph{tabs} is also available in \application{Nautilus}, as well as the use of {panes}.\marginnote{When dragging items between \application{Nautilus} windows, tabs or panes, a small symbol will appear over the mouse cursor to let you know which action will be performed when you release the mouse button. A plus sign (+) indicates you are about to copy the item, whereas a small arrow means the item will be moved. The default action will depend on the locations you are using.} When browsing a folder in \application{Nautilus}, to open a second window select \menu{New Window} from the \menu{File} menu. This will open a new window, allowing you to drag files and folders between two locations. To open a new tab, click \menu{File \then New Tab}. A new row will appear above the space used for browsing your files containing two tabs\dash both will display the directory you were originally browsing. You can click these tabs to switch between them, and click and drag files or folders between tabs the same as you would between windows. You can also open a second pane in Nautilus so you can see two locations at once without having to switch between tabs or windows. To open a second pane, click \menu{View \then Extra Pane}, or alternatively press \keystroke{F3} on your keyboard. Again, dragging files and folders between panes is a quick way to move or copy items.

To move a file or folder, select the item you want to move then click \menu{Edit \then Cut}. Navigate to your desired location, then click \menu{Edit \then Paste}.\marginnote{In the Nautilus \button{Edit} menu, you will also find the \button{Copy To} and \button{Move To} buttons. These can be used to copy or move items to common locations, and can be useful if you are using \textbf{panes} (see below). Note that it is unnecessary to use \button{Paste} when using these options.} As with the copy command above, you can also perform this action using the right-click menu, and it will work for multiple files or folders at once. An alternative way to move a file or folder is to click on the item, and then drag it to the new location.

\marginnote{If you start typing a location, \application{Nautilus} will change the navigation buttons into a text field labeled \emph{Location.}}

\marginnote{Note that you can easily view hidden files by clicking \menu{View \then Show Hidden Files}, or alternatively by pressing \keystroke{Ctrl+H}. Hiding files with a dot (.) is \textbf{not} a security measure\dash instead it provides a way of keeping your folders organized and tidy.} To create a new folder from within \application{Nautilus} click \menu{File \then Create Folder}, then name the folder that appears by replacing the default ``untitled folder'' with your desired label (\eg, ``Personal Finances''). You can also create a new folder by pressing \keystroke{Ctrl+Shift+N}, or by right-clicking in the file browser window and selecting \button{Create Folder} from the popup menu (this action will also work on the desktop). If you wish to hide certain folders or files, place a dot (.) in front of the name (\ie, ``.Personal Finances'').

\marginnote{You should open the example content to see how different types of files are displayed in Ubuntu.}

Replace ``username'' above with your username. Ubuntu will prompt you for a new password. Enter your desired password, press enter and then type your password again, pressing enter after you are done. (Ubuntu asks for your password twice to make sure you did not make a mistake while typing.) Once you have restored your password, return to the normal system environment by entering:

\prompt \userinput{sudo reboot now}

Enter your password at the prompt, as above. Allow Ubuntu to process the command, then enter:

Enter your username, press \textbf{Enter}, and then enter your password. (Characters \textit{will not} appear on the screen as you enter your password. Don't worry\dash this behavior is normal and was implemented for security purposes.) Next, enter the following code and press enter:

When you first turn on your computer, a program called a ``bootloader'' must start Ubuntu or another operating system. \notecallout[Definition]{A \textbf{bootloader} is initial software that loads the operating system when you turn on the computer.} When you installed Ubuntu, you installed an advanced bootloader called \textbf{\acronym{GRUB}} that allowed you to choose between the various operating systems on your computer, such as Ubuntu, Windows and others. However, when you installed Windows, it replaced \acronym{GRUB} with its own bootloader, thus removing the ability to choose which operating system you'd like to use. You can easily restore \acronym{GRUB} \dash and regain the ability to choose your operating system \dash by using the same \acronym{CD} you used to install Ubuntu.

In order to connect to the Internet in Ubuntu, you need to use the \application{NetworkManager} utility. NetworkManager allows you to turn all networking on or off, and helps you manage your wired, wireless, and other connections.

\marginnote{We encourage you to check any information you find on other websites with multiple sources when possible, but only follow directions if you understand them completely.}

This margin note is confusing to me - are you saying that to connect to a network (ie access files from my home computer with my laptop) I do the same thing as connecting to the internet? This is not the case and will probably confuse people so have removed it for now. \marginnote{In this guide we will limit our discussion to connecting to the Internet, however, connecting to a home or office network is usually performed in a similar manner.}

\marginnote{You can lock your screen quickly by using the keyboard shortcut \keystroke{Ctrl+Alt+L}. Locking your screen is recommended if you move away from your computer for a short amount of time.}

\screenshot{02-help-center.png}{ss:help-center}{The built-in system help provides topic based help for Ubuntu.}

To save energy, you can put your computer into sleep mode, which will save its current condition and allow you to start more quickly while remaining on but using very little energy. Suspending the computer spins down the hard disk and saves your session to memory, so it is very quick to suspend and resume from suspension.

Make sure that the \button{Activate screensaver when computer is idle} option is selected if you want to enable the screensaver. The slider can be adjusted to set the idle time. If the screensaver starts after the designated period of inactivity, you can resume working on your computer by pressing any key or moving your mouse. For added security, you can also select the \button{Lock screen when screensaver is active} option. In this case, Ubuntu will ask you for your login password when you return to the computer.

You can also change the fonts used throughout your desktop through the Appearance Preferences window by clicking on the \button{Fonts} tab. You can individually set the font style and size for applications, documents, desktop items, window titles, and for anything using fixed width fonts. The Rendering section at the bottom of the Fonts window gives you four options for changing the way that fonts are drawn on your screen. Changing these may improve the appearance of text on different types of monitors.

To further modify the look and feel of your desktop such as the background, fonts, and window theme, you can do so through \application{Appearance Preferences}. To access this, navigate to \menu{System \then Preferences \then Appearance} in the top panel.

To modify your workspaces, right-click on the \emph{workspace switcher} applet (by default this is on the right side of the bottom panel, just to the left of the Trash applet) and select \button{Preferences}. In the window that appears you can choose how many workspaces you want in total, and whether these will be displayed on the panel in one or more rows. You can also rename each workspace, and have the names displayed in the panel applet. If you prefer, you can also choose to just have the workspace you are currently using displayed in the panel. In this case you can still change between workspaces by moving the mouse over the workspace switcher, and scrolling the mouse wheel.

To move a file or folder, select the item you want to move then click \menu{Edit \then Cut}. Navigate to your desired location, then click \menu{Edit \then Paste}.\marginnote{In the Nautilus \button{Edit} menu, you will also find the \button{Copy To} and \button{Move To} buttons. These can be used to copy or move items to common locations, and can be useful if you are using \textbf{panes} (see below). Note that it is unnecessary to use \button{Paste} when using these options.} As with the copy command above, you can also perform this action using the right-click menu, and it will work for multiple files or folders at once. An alternative way to move a file or folder is to click on the item, and then drag it to the new location.

Earlier, we mentioned that you can search for files on the computer by using the \menu{Search for Files} feature on the \menu{Places} menu in the top panel. You can also use the \application{Nautilus} browser to search for files, as explained above.

Opening multiple \application{Nautilus} windows can be useful for dragging files and folders between locations. The option of \emph{tabs} is also available in \application{Nautilus}, as well as the use of {panes}.\marginnote{When dragging items between \application{Nautilus} windows, tabs or panes, a small symbol will appear over the mouse cursor to let you know which action will be performed when you release the mouse button. A plus sign (+) indicates you are about to copy the item, whereas a small arrow means the item will be moved. The default action will depend on the locations you are using.} When browsing a folder in \application{Nautilus}, to open a second window select \menu{New Window} from the \menu{File} menu. This will open a new window, allowing you to drag files and folders between two locations. To open a new tab, click \menu{File \then New Tab}. A new row will appear above the space used for browsing your files containing two tabs\dash both will display the directory you were originally browsing. You can click these tabs to switch between them, and click and drag files or folders between tabs the same as you would between windows. You can also open a second pane in Nautilus so you can see two locations at once without having to switch between tabs or windows. To open a second pane, click \menu{View \then Extra Pane}, or alternatively press \keystroke{F3} on your keyboard. Again, dragging files and folders between panes is a quick way to move or copy items.

\marginnote{You can also use the keyboard shortcuts \keystroke{Ctrl+C} and \keystroke{Ctrl+V} to copy and paste files and folders.} You can copy files or folders in \application{Nautilus} by clicking \menu{Edit\then Copy}, or by right-clicking on the item and selecting \button{Copy} from the popup menu. When using the \button{Edit} menu in \application{Nautilus}, make sure you've selected the file or folder you want to copy first (by left-clicking on it once).

\marginnote{Note that you can easily view hidden files by clicking \menu{View \then Show Hidden Files}, or alternatively by pressing \keystroke{Ctrl+H}. Hiding files with a dot (.) is \textbf{not} a security measure\dash instead it provides a way of keeping your folders organized and tidy.} To create a new folder from within \application{Nautilus} click \menu{File \then Create Folder}, then name the folder that appears by replacing the default ``untitled folder'' with your desired label (\eg, ``Personal Finances''). You can also create a new folder by pressing \keystroke{Ctrl+Shift+N}, or by right-clicking in the file browser window and selecting \button{Create Folder} from the popup menu (this action will also work on the desktop). If you wish to hide certain folders or files, place a dot (.) in front of the name (\ie, ``.Personal Finances'').

On the right side of the panel you will see some small boxes in a row; this is the \emph{Workspace Switcher}. By default, Ubuntu 10.04 is set up with two workspaces.

Finally, the icon farthest to the right is the \emph{trash}, which performs a similar function to the Recycle Bin in Windows or the Trash in Mac \acronym{OS~X}. Any files you delete are first sent to the trash. To see the contents of the trash, click on this icon. You can empty it by clicking on the \button{Empty Trash} button in the window that appears, or alternatively by right-clicking the trash icon in the bottom panel and selecting \menu{Empty Trash} from the menu. This will permanently delete any files or folders that it contains.

\marginnote{The \acronym{GNOME} desktop environment used in Ubuntu can provide two or more ``virtual desktops,'' or \textbf{workspaces}. Using these workspaces can reduce clutter by opening windows on separate desktops, without needing a separate monitor. For example, in order to organize your activities you may have your email open in one workspace and a text document you are working on in another. To switch workspaces, simply click on the boxes in the \textbf{workspace switcher} or use the keyboard shortcut \keystroke{Ctrl+Alt+Left arrow} or \keystroke{Ctrl+Alt+Right arrow} to switch workspaces quickly.}

When the calender is expanded there is a button labeled \button{Locations}, which will open a small world map when clicked. Here you can further set up your location preferences by clicking \button{Edit}. In the window that appears, click \button{Add}, then enter your location in the text field. If you live in a major city it may be on the list already; if not, you can enter your latitude and longitude manually (try searching online if you don't have this information). Make sure your time zone is selected, then click \button{OK} to return to the preferences screen.

\prompt \userinput{sudo dpkg-reconfigure -phigh xserver-xorg}

This output means that your system (Linux, on which Ubuntu is based) is installed on device /dev/sda1, but your computer is booting to /dev/sda2 (where Windows is located). We need to rectify this by telling the computer to boot to the Linux device instead.

\notecallout[Note]{The device (/dev/sda1, /dev/sda2, etc.) we are looking for is identified by the word ``Linux'' in the System column. Modify the instructions below if necessary, replacing /dev/sda1 with the name of your Linux device.}

When you first turn on your computer, a program called a ``bootloader'' must start Ubuntu or another operating system. \notecallout[Definition]{A \textbf{bootloader} is initial software that loads the operating system when you turn on the computer.} When you installed Ubuntu, you installed an advanced bootloader called \textbf{\acronym{GRUB}} that allowed you to choose between the various operating systems on your computer, such as Ubuntu, Windows and others. However, when you installed Windows, it replaced \acronym{GRUB} with its own bootloader, thus removing the ability to choose which operating system you'd like to use. You can easily restore \acronym{GRUB} \dash and regain the ability to choose your operating system \dash by using the same \acronym{CD} you used to install Ubuntu.