Translations by Damir Jerovšek

Unlike proprietary software applications, the software included with Ubuntu is specifically licensed to promote sharing and collaboration. The legal rules governing Ubuntu's production and distribution ensure that anyone can obtain, run, or share it for any purpose she or he wishes. Computer users can modify open source software like Ubuntu to suit their individual needs, to share it, to improve it, or to translate it into other languages \dash provided they release the source code for these modifications so others can do the same. In fact, the terms of many open source licensing agreements actually make it illegal not to do so. For more information regarding Ubuntu's software licensing standards, see \url{http://www.ubuntu.com/project/about-ubuntu/licensing}.

\warning{Legal Notice: Patent and copyright laws differ depending on which country you are in. Please obtain legal advice if you are unsure whether a particular patent or restriction applies to a media format you wish to use in your country.}

Learning the command-line interface is the first step towards more advanced troubleshooting, system administration, and software development skills. If you are interested in becoming a developer or an advanced Ubuntu user, knowledge of the command-line will be essential.

Wait until the package is finished installing. During the installation (or removal) of programs, you will see an animated icon of rotating arrows to the left of the \button{In Progress} button in the sidebar. If you like, you can now go back to the main browsing window and choose additional software packages to be installed by following the steps above. At any time, clicking the \button{Progress} button on the top will take you to a summary of all operations that are currently processing. You can also click the \button{X} icon to cancel any operation.

This manual does not explain the process of running a secure web server or performing other tasks possible with Ubuntu Server Edition. For details on using Ubuntu Server Edition, refer to the manual at \url{http://www.ubuntu.com/business/server/overview}.

This derivative of Ubuntu is designed specifically for people who use computers to create and edit multimedia projects. It features applications to help users manipulate images, compose music, and edit video. While users can install these applications on computers running the desktop version of Ubuntu, Ubuntu Studio makes them all available immediately upon installation.

\marginnote{In some cases, your computer will not recognize that the Ubuntu \acronym{DVD} or \acronym{USB} is present as it starts up and will start your existing operating system instead. Generally, this means that the priority given to \emph{boot devices} when your computer is starting needs to be changed. For example, your computer might be set to look for information from your hard drive, and then to look for information on a \acronym{DVD} or \acronym{USB}. To run Ubuntu from the Live \acronym{DVD} or \acronym{USB}, we want the computer to look for information from the appropriate device first. Changing your \emph{boot priority} is usually handled by \acronym{BIOS} settings; this is beyond the scope of this guide. If you need assistance with changing the boot priority, see your computer manufacturer's documentation for more information.}Your computer reads information from a \acronym{DVD} at a much slower speed than it can read information off of a hard drive. Running Ubuntu from the Live \acronym{DVD} also occupies a large portion of your computer's memory, which would usually be available for applications to access when Ubuntu is running from your hard drive. The Live \acronym{DVD/USB} experience will therefore feel slightly slower than it does when Ubuntu is actually installed on your computer. Running Ubuntu from the \acronym{DVD/USB} is a great way to test things out and allows you to try the default applications, browse the Internet, and get a general feel for the operating system. It's also useful for checking that your computer hardware works properly in Ubuntu and that there are no major compatibility issues.

If you are running server software on your Ubuntu system (such as a web server, or an \acronym{FTP} server), then you will need to open the ports these services use. If you are not familiar with servers, you will likely not need to open any additional ports.

Ubuntu features a graphical user interface (\gls{GUI}) based on the open source \acronym{GNOME} desktop. As we explained in \chaplink{ch:the-ubuntu-desktop}, a ``user interface'' is a collection of software elements \dash icons, colors, windows, themes, and menus \dash that determines how someone may interact with a computer. Some people prefer using alternatives to \acronym{GNOME}, so they have created Ubuntu distributions featuring different user interfaces. These include:

The most significant difference between Debian-based and Red Hat-based distributions is the system each uses for installing and updating software. These systems are called ``package management systems.'' \marginnote{\define{Package management systems} are the means by which users can install, remove, and organize software installed on computers with open source operating systems like Ubuntu.} Debian software packages are \acronym{deb} files, while Red Hat software packages are \acronym{rpm} files. The two systems are generally incompatible. For more information about package management, see \chaplink{ch:software-management}.

Ubuntu features a graphical user interface (\gls{GUI}) based on the open source \acronym{GNOME} desktop. As we explained in \chaplink{ch:the-ubuntu-desktop}, a ``user interface'' is a collection of software elements \dash icons, colors, windows, themes, and menus \dash that determines how someone may interact with a computer. Some people prefer using alternatives to \acronym{GNOME}, so they have created Ubuntu distributions featuring different user interfaces. These include:

\marginnote{\define{Torrents} are a way of sharing files and information around the Internet via peer-to-peer file sharing. A file with the \texttt{.torrent} extension is made available to users, which is then opened with a compatible program such as \application{uTorrent}, \application{Deluge}, or \application{Transmission}. These programs download parts of the file from other people all around the world.} When a new version of Ubuntu is released, the download \glspl{server} can get ``clogged'' as large numbers of people try to download or upgrade Ubuntu at the same time. If you are familiar with using torrents, you can download the torrent file by clicking ``Alternative downloads,'' and then ``BitTorrent download.'' Downloading via torrent may improve your download speed, and will also be help to spread Ubuntu to other users worldwide.

\advanced{You can also change your Ubuntu One sync connection settings at this time by clicking on the \button{Check Settings} button; you can change things like the maximum upload and download rate, or if notifications should be allowed.}

{Information uploaded to Ubuntu One can potentially be accessed by Canonical. As with similar online services and websites, you are implicitly trusting them to respect your privacy, so if you feel you cannot trust them with certain information, don't upload it to Ubuntu One.}

\marginnote{Ubuntu provides you with the option of either \emph{replacing} your existing operating system altogether, or installing Ubuntu alongside your existing system. The latter is called \emph{dual-booting}. Whenever you turn on or restart your computer, you will be given the option to select which operating system you want to use for that session.} If you are a Windows or Mac user and you are trying to install Ubuntu for the first time, select the \radiobutton{Install alongside other operating systems} option. This option will enable you to choose which operating system you wish to use when you computer starts. Ubuntu will automatically detect the other operating system and install Ubuntu alongside it. \advanced {For more complicated \gls{dual-booting} setups, you will need to configure the partitions manually.}

\marginnote{\define{Torrents} are a way of sharing files and information around the Internet via peer-to-peer file sharing. A file with the \texttt{.torrent} extension is made available to users, which is then opened with a compatible program such as \application{uTorrent}, \application{Deluge}, or \application{Transmission}. These programs download parts of the file from other people all around the world.} When a new version of Ubuntu is released, the download \glspl{server} can get ``clogged'' as large numbers of people try to download or upgrade Ubuntu at the same time. If you are familiar with using torrents, you can download the torrent file by clicking ``Alternative downloads,'' and then ``BitTorrent download.'' Downloading via torrent may improve your download speed, and will also be help to spread Ubuntu to other users worldwide.

Ubuntu is open source software. Open source software differs from proprietary software \dash software whose source code is not freely available for modification or distribution by anyone but the rightsholder. \marginnote{The \define{source code} of a program is the collection of files that have been written in a computer language to make the program.} Microsoft Windows and Adobe Photoshop are examples of proprietary software. \marginnote{\define{Proprietary software} is software that cannot be copied, modified, or distributed freely.}

Good security happens with an up-to-date system. Ubuntu provides free software and security updates. You should apply these updates regularly. See \seclink{sec:updates-and-upgrades} to learn how to update your Ubuntu computer with the latest security updates and patches. \

Learning the command-line interface is the first step towards more advanced troubleshooting, system administration, and software development skills. If you are interested in becoming a developer or an advanced Ubuntu user, knowledge of the command-line will be essential.

\marginnote{Every six months, Canonical will release a new version of the Ubuntu operating system. These are called \define{normal releases}. Every four normal releases\dash or 24 months\dash Canonical releases a \define{long-term support} (\acronym{LTS}) release. Long-term support releases are intended to be the most stable releases available, and are supported for a longer period of time.} Here you can decide which system upgrades you would like to be notified about.

{Busy}

If you want to add a folder you can click the \button{Folder} picture, then enter the name of the folder.

To add files to the list, click the \button{Green +} button, which opens the \window{Select Files} window. Then navigate your way to the file you want to add, click the desired file, and then click the \button{Add} button. Repeat this process for each file until all desired files have been added.

\marginnote{Many modern laptops also have a physical switch/button built into the chassis that provides a way to quickly enable/disable the wireless card.} By default, wireless access is enabled if you have a wireless card installed in your computer. In certain environments (like on airplanes), you may need to temporarily disable your wireless card.

Mac \acronym{OS~X}: Adobe Reader

Linux: Evince, Adobe Reader, Okular

If you are migrating from a Windows or Mac platform, you may wonder if the programs that you once used are available for Ubuntu. Some of the programs you already use have native Linux versions. And, for those that don't, there are free and open-source applications that will cover your needs. This section will recommend some alternates that will work well on Ubuntu. \marginnote{You can search for more applications in the \application{Ubuntu Software Center} by the category that you are interested in.} Most of the applications listed in this section are available via the Software Center. Those followed by an asterisk (*) can be downloaded directly from their official websites.

name={applet}, description={A small program that runs in a \gls{panel}. Applets provide useful functions such as starting a program, viewing the time, or accessing the main menu of an application.}

name={server}, description={A server is a computer that runs a specialized operating system and provides services to computers that connect to it and make a request.}

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution--Share Alike 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, see \hyperref[ch:license]{\appendixname}~\ref{ch:license}, visit \url{http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/}, or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.

If something isn't covered in this manual, chances are you will find the information you are looking for in one of those locations. We will try our best to include links to more detailed help wherever we can.

Ubuntu will always be free of charge, along with its regular enterprise releases and security updates.

Ubuntu is built on the foundation of Linux, which is a member of the \Index{Unix} family. \Index{Unix} is one of the oldest types of operating systems, and together with Linux has provided reliability and security for professional applications for almost half a century. Many servers around the world that store data for popular websites (such as YouTube and Google) run some variant of Linux or \Index{Unix}. The popular Android system for smartphones is a Linux variant; modern in-car computers usually run on Linux. Even the Mac \acronym{OS~X} is based on Unix. The Linux \Index{kernel} is best described as the core\dash almost the brain\dash of the Ubuntu operating system.

Before you decide whether or not Ubuntu is right for you, we suggest giving yourself some time to grow accustomed to the way things are done in Ubuntu. You should expect to find that some things are different from what you are used to. We also suggest taking the following into account:

Menu sequences are sometimes typeset as \menu{File \then Save As\ldots}, which means, ``Choose the \menu{File} menu, then choose the \menu{Save As\ldots}.''

Ubuntu and its derivatives are available in two versions: 32-bit and 64-bit. \marginnote{\emph{32-bit} and \emph{64-bit} are types of processor architectures. Most new desktop computers have a 64-bit capable processor.} This difference refers to the way computers process information. Computers capable of running 64-bit software are able to process more information than computers running 32-bit software; however, 64-bit systems require more memory in order to do this. Nevertheless, these computers gain performance enhancements by running 64-bit software.

If your computer is older, a netbook, or you do not know the type of processor in the computer, install the 32-bit version.

If you have an Internet connection, the installer will ask you if you would like to ``Download updates while installing.'' We recommend you do so. The second option, ``Install this third-party software,'' includes the Fluendo \acronym{MP3} codec, and software required for some wireless hardware. If you are not connected to the Internet, the installer will help you set up a wireless connection.

The ``Preparing to install Ubuntu'' screen will also let you know if you have enough disk space and if you are connected to a power source (in case you are installing Ubuntu on a laptop running on battery). Once you have selected your choices, click \button{Continue}.

If the list does not appear immediately, wait until a triangle/arrow appears next to the network adapter, and then click the arrow to see the available networks.

To reduce the time required for installation, Ubuntu will continue the installation process in the background while you configure important user details \dash like your username, password, keyboard settings and default timezone.

Ubuntu needs to know some information about you so it can set up the primary user account on your computer. When configured, your name will appear on the login screen as well as the user menu, which we discuss in \chaplink{ch:the-ubuntu-desktop}.

The Ubuntu Desktop

Running applications

Run the application you want to add to the Launcher, right-click on the application's icon on the Launcher, and select \menu{Lock to Launcher}.

Note that the options available when moving windows to different workspaces depends on which workspace contains the window you are moving. If the window exists in the lower-right workspace, you will not see a \menu{Move to Workspace Down} because there is no workspace available below the lower-right quadrant of a four quadrant workspace.

To navigate to a folder in \application{Files}, double-click on its icon; this may be in the right pane, the left pane, or the toolbar.

The \window{Appearance} window will display the current selected background wallpaper and theme. Themes control the appearance of your windows, buttons, scroll bars, panels, icons, and other parts of the desktop. The \emph{Ambiance} theme is used by default, but there are other themes from which you can choose. Just click once on any of the listed themes to give a new theme a try. The theme will change your desktop appearance immediately.

When you have finished working on your computer, you can choose to log out, suspend, restart, or shut down through the \menu{Session Indicator} on the far right side of the top panel.