Browsing French translation

113.

<trademark>Scheme</trademark> was one of the first programming languages to incorporate first class procedures as in the lambda calculus, thereby proving the usefulness of static scope rules and block structure in a dynamically typed language. <trademark>Scheme</trademark> was the first major dialect of <trademark>Lisp</trademark> to distinguish procedures from lambda expressions and symbols, to use a single lexical environment for all variables, and to evaluate the operator position of a procedure call in the same way as an operand position. By relying entirely on procedure calls to express iteration, <trademark>Scheme</trademark> emphasized the fact that tail-recursive procedure calls are essentially goto's that pass arguments. <trademark>Scheme</trademark> was the first widely used programming language to embrace first class escape procedures, from which all previously known sequential control structures can be synthesized. More recently, building upon the design of generic arithmetic in <trademark>Common Lisp</trademark>, <trademark>Scheme</trademark> introduced the concept of exact and inexact numbers. <trademark>Scheme</trademark> is also the first programming language to support hygienic macros, which permit the syntax of a block-structured language to be extended reliably.

128.

<trademark>Microsoft</trademark> expanded on its <trademark>ECMA</trademark> offerings with a <ulink url="http://www.microsoft.com/openspecifications/en/us/programs/community-promise/default.aspx"><quote>Community Promise</quote></ulink>(<abbrev>CP</abbrev>), which adds several technologies to those listed in <trademark>ECMA</trademark> 334 and 335. Some specifications include special terms, which are are noted. The <abbrev>CP</abbrev> applies to anyone who is building software and/or hardware to implement one or more of those specifications. The <abbrev>CP</abbrev> does not apply to any work that you do beyond the scope of the covered specifications.

129.

In specified cases (such as those in which the specifications have uses that exceed those needed to achieve the interoperability needs for which the release under the <abbrev>CP</abbrev> is being made), the <abbrev>CP</abbrev> may have special terms concerning the kinds of implementations that are covered. <emphasis><trademark>Microsoft</trademark> is the sole adjudicator</emphasis> in determining if an application conforms to the <trademark>ECMA</trademark> and <abbrev>CP</abbrev> or not, and commercial applications built using <application>Mono</application> may require a license from <trademark>Microsoft</trademark>. It would be prudent to consult an attorney specializing in Intellectual Property Rights and contact <trademark>Microsoft</trademark> for specific information before beginning development.

133.

The majority of the <application>NetBeans</application><abbrev>IDE</abbrev> code is available under a dual license consisting of the <ulink url="http://netbeans.org/cddl-gplv2.html">Common Development and Distribution License (<abbrev>CDDL</abbrev>) v1.0</ulink> and the <ulink url="http://netbeans.org/cddl-gplv2.html"><trademark>GNU</trademark> General Public License (<abbrev>GPL</abbrev>) v2</ulink>. No license fee is required to use <application>NetBeans</application>, and any commercial application you write does not have to be distributed with the source. <trademark>Sun</trademark> no longer exists, having been purchased by <trademark>Oracle</trademark>, which now controls <trademark>Java</trademark>.

157.

On February 11, 2011, <trademark>Nokia</trademark> announced a <quote>partnership</quote> with <trademark>Microsoft</trademark> in which <trademark>Nokia</trademark> will replace <trademark>Symbian</trademark> with <trademark>Windows Phone 7</trademark> in wealthy American and European markets, but continue to use <trademark>Symbian</trademark> in India and other poorer regions. Because of a huge outcry by <trademark>Qt</trademark> and open source supporters who contributed to <trademark>Symbian</trademark>, <trademark>MeeGo</trademark>, and <trademark>Maemo</trademark>, <trademark>Nokia</trademark> released a <ulink url="http://blog.qt.nokia.com/2011/02/12/nokia-new-strategic-direction-what-is-the-future-for-qt/">blog message</ulink> the next day. It seems they need <trademark>Qt</trademark> in order to continue to support <trademark>Symbian</trademark> on the 200 million <trademark>Nokia</trademark> phones that run it, and <trademark>MeeGo</trademark> and <trademark>Maemo</trademark> for a <quote>disruptive</quote> presence in the markets for which they are being offered. But, the partnership puts the commercial version of <trademark>Qt</trademark> in a questionable light due to the influence of <trademark>Microsoft</trademark> and the history of its partnership with <trademark>Novell</trademark> and others which no longer exist.

163.

The entire <trademark>Qt</trademark> toolkit is in the repository as <trademark>Qt</trademark>-<abbrev>SDK</abbrev> or as part of the <trademark>Qt</trademark><abbrev>SDK</abbrev> available from the <ulink url="http://qt.nokia.com/downloads">http://qt.nokia.com/downloads</ulink> website under either the <abbrev>LGPL</abbrev> or a commercial license. The latest version is 1.2 and is available from <trademark>Nokia</trademark> in either the <ulink url="http://qt.nokia.com/downloads/sdk-linux-x11-32bit-cpp">32 bit</ulink> or <ulink url="http://qt.nokia.com/downloads/sdk-linux-x11-64bit-cpp">64 bit</ulink> version. Each includes the <trademark>Qt</trademark><application>Creator</application>, the <application>Designer</application>, the <application>Assistant</application> (<abbrev>API</abbrev>), the <application>Linguist</application>, and all the necessary libraries and utilities. <trademark>Qt</trademark><abbrev>SDK</abbrev> can be installed in the user's home account and used to create applications regardless of which version of <trademark>Qt</trademark> libraries the <trademark>KDE</trademark> desktop requires, because the <abbrev>SDK</abbrev> start-up script sets the shell environment to point to the <abbrev>SDK</abbrev> libraries.

181.

Other <trademark>Qt</trademark><abbrev>API</abbrev> Topics are: Programming with <trademark>Qt</trademark>, Device <abbrev>UI</abbrev>'s and <trademark>Qt</trademark> Quick, <abbrev>UI</abbrev> Design with <trademark>Qt</trademark>, Cross-platform and Platform-specific info, <trademark>Qt</trademark> and Key Technologies, and How-To's and Best Practices. Several dozen examples are documented. The <application>Assistant</application> also includes tutorials, demos and <trademark>QML</trademark> examples.

190.

Powered by <trademark>Mozilla</trademark> under the hood, <application>SeaMonkey</application> uses much of the same <trademark>Mozilla</trademark> source code which powers such successful siblings as <application>Firefox</application>, <application>Thunderbird</application>, <application>Camino</application>, <application>Sunbird</application> and <application>Miro</application>. Legal backing is provided by the <trademark>Mozilla Foundation</trademark>. The code is licensed under a <ulink url="http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/"><abbrev>MPL</abbrev></ulink>/<abbrev>GPL</abbrev>/<abbrev>LGPL</abbrev> tri-license, allowing it to be easily reused in different environments. If your internet activity consists of just browsing, emailing, using <abbrev>IRC</abbrev>, reading web feeds, and doing some light <abbrev>HTML</abbrev> editing, then this application fills all your needs.