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103.

The MIT home page of the Scheme language is <ulink url="http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/projects/scheme"> here</ulink>. Scheme is a statically scoped and properly tail-recursive dialect of the Lisp programming language invented by Guy Lewis Steele Jr. and Gerald Jay Sussman. It was designed to have an exceptionally clear and simple semantics and few different ways to form expressions. A wide variety of programming paradigms, including imperative, functional, and message passing styles, find convenient expression in Scheme.

104.

Scheme was one of the first programming languages to incorporate first class procedures as in the lambda calculus, thereby proving the usefulness of static scope rules and block structure in a dynamically typed language. Scheme was the first major dialect of Lisp to distinguish procedures from lambda expressions and symbols, to use a single lexical environment for all variables, and to evaluate the operator position of a procedure call in the same way as an operand position. By relying entirely on procedure calls to express iteration, Scheme emphasized the fact that tail-recursive procedure calls are essentially goto's that pass arguments. Scheme was the first widely used programming language to embrace first class escape procedures, from which all previously known sequential control structures can be synthesized. More recently, building upon the design of generic arithmetic in Common Lisp, Scheme introduced the concept of exact and inexact numbers. Scheme is also the first programming language to support hygienic macros, which permit the syntax of a block-structured language to be extended reliably.

108.

<acronym>MkS</acronym> is based upon a powerful and flexible plugin system that allows it to be extended in infinite ways. Currentlyu there are a lot of plugins, including PHP-Qt (Qt4 bindings for PHP) and PyQt (Qt4 bindings for Python).

112.

<application>MonoDevelop</application> is an IDE primarily designed for C# and other .NET languages. MonoDevelop enables developers to quickly write desktop and ASP.NET Web applications on Linux, Windows and Mac OSX. MonoDevelop makes it easy for developers to port .NET applications created with Visual Studio to Linux and to maintain a single code base for all platforms. It brings a clone of Microsoft's .NET API to the Linux desktop. It is at version 2.4. The MonoDevelop Core is licensed under the LGPLv2, though much of the code and addins are licensed under the MIT/X11 license.

113.

MonoDevelop does not contain a visual designer, so C# bindings to the GUI designer components of GTK+ were created to allow for the creation of graphical user interfaces. These bindings are collectively called "GTK#", or GTK Sharp. The parts of .NET which are legally allowed in Mono are defined in the <ulink url="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-334.htm">EMCA 334</ulink>, which covers the C# specifications, and the <ulink url="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-335.htm">EMCA 335</ulink> standard, which covers the CLI specifications. A license must be obtained from Microsoft to use the tools described in these two standards to create a <ulink url="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/Ecma PATENT/ECMA-334 &amp; 335/ECMA-335 4th Edition patent statements.pdf">commercial application</ulink>. Microsoft expanded on its EMCA offerings with a <ulink url="http://www.microsoft.com/interop/cp/default.mspx"><quote>Community Promise</quote></ulink>(CP), which adds several technologies to those listed in ECMA 334 and 335. Some specifications include special terms, which are are noted. The CP applies to anyone who is building software and-or hardware to implement one or more of those specifications. The CP does not apply to any work that you do beyond the scope of the covered specifications.

114.

Also, in specified cases (such as where the specifications have uses that exceed those needed to achieve the interoperability needs for which the release under the CP is being made), the CP may have special terms concerning what kinds of implementations are covered. <emphasis>Microsoft is the sole adjudicator</emphasis> in determining if an application conforms to the EMCA and CP, or not, and commercial applications built using Mono may require a license from Microsoft. It would be prudent to consult an attorney specializing in Intellectual Property Rights and contact Microsoft for specific information before beginning development.

117.

<application>NetBeans IDE 6.9</application> is an award-winning integrated development environment available for Windows, Mac and Linux. The NetBeans project consists of a free open-source IDE and an application platform that enable developers to rapidly create web, enterprise, desktop, and mobile applications using the Java platform, as well as JavaFX, PHP, JavaScript and Ajax, Ruby and Ruby on Rails, Groovy and Grails, and C/C++. NetBeans IDE 6.9 introduces the JavaFX Composer, support for JavaFX SDK 1.3, OSGi interoperability, support for the PHP Zend framework and Ruby on Rails 3.0, and more. Like most modern IDE's it extends its capabilities by using the plugin paradigm and because of its long period of development and large number of users who contributed to its development, there are hundreds of plugins available. The majority of the NetBeans IDE code is available under a dual license consisting of the Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL) v1.0 and the GNU General Public License (GPL) v2. No license fee is required to use NetBeans and any commercial application you write does not have to be distributed with the source. Sun no longer exists, having been purchased by Oracle, which now controls Java.

124.

The website says that <application>PIDA</application> is different from other IDEs in that it will use the tools already available on the user's system rather than attempting to reinvent each one. PIDA is written in Python with the PyGTK toolkit, and although is designed to be used to program in any language, PIDA has fancy Python IDE features. Development and support for PIDA has been suspended because some developers have been hired by Google, some have college work to complete and other need to find jobs.

130.

<application>ProjectCenter</application> is GNUstep's integrated development environment (IDE) and allows a rapid development and easy managment of ProjectCenter running on GNUstepapplications, tools and frameworks. It is at version 0.6, is under the GPL and is being actively developed.

133.

<application>PsychoPy</application> is an cross platform open-source package for running experiments using Python. Contrary to the website's claim, Python is NOT an alternative to MatLab. PsychoPy combines the graphical strengths of OpenGL with the easy Python syntax to give scientists a free and simple stimulus presentation and control package. It is used by many labs worldwide for psychophysics, cognitive neuroscience and experimental psychology.