Browsing Malay translation

46.

The <command>cp</command> command makes a copy of a file or directory (<acronym>cp</acronym> is short for <quote>copy</quote>). To make an exact copy of <filename>foo</filename> and name it <filename>bar</filename>, type: <screen>cp foo bar</screen> To make an exact copy of the <filename class="directory">foo_dir</filename> directory and name it <filename class="directory">bar_dir</filename>, type: <screen>cp -r foo_dir bar_dir</screen>

48.

The <command>mv</command> command moves a file or directory to a different location or will rename a file or directory (<acronym>mv</acronym> is short for <quote>move</quote>). To rename the file <filename>foo</filename> to <filename>bar</filename>, type: <screen>mv foo bar</screen> To move the file <filename>foo</filename> into the current user's <filename class="directory">Desktop</filename> directory, type: <screen>mv foo ~/Desktop</screen> This will not rename <filename>foo</filename> to <filename>Desktop</filename> because <filename>foo</filename> is a file and <filename class="directory">Desktop</filename> is a directory.

50.

The <command>rm</command> command is used to delete files and directories (<acronym>rm</acronym> is short for <quote>remove</quote>). To delete the file <filename>foo</filename> for the current directory, type: <screen>rm foo</screen>

51.

By default, <command>rm</command> will not remove directories. To remove a directory, you must use the <command>-r</command> option (also can be entered as either <command>-R</command> or <command>--recursive</command>). For example, <screen>rm -r foobar</screen> or <screen>rm -R foobar</screen> or <screen>rm --recursive foobar</screen> will remove the directory <filename class="directory">foobar</filename>, <emphasis role="strong"> and all of its contents!</emphasis>

54.

The <command>df</command> command displays filesystem disk space usage for all partitions (<acronym>df</acronym> stands for <quote>disk free</quote>). <screen>df -h</screen> will give information using megabytes (<abbrev>M</abbrev>) and gigabytes (<abbrev>G</abbrev>) instead of blocks (<command>-h</command> means <quote>human readable</quote>).

58.

The <command>top</command> command displays information on the Linux system - processes that are running, system resources including <acronym>CPU</acronym>, <acronym>RAM</acronym> &amp; swap usage, and the total number of tasks being run. To exit <command>top</command>, press <keycap>q</keycap>.

60.

The <command>uname</command> command with the <command>-a</command> options displays all system information, including machine name, kernel name &amp; version, and other details. This command is useful for checking which kernel is in use (<abbrev>uname</abbrev> is short for <quote>unix name</quote>).

62.

The <command>lsb_release</command> with the <command>-a</command> option prints version information for the Linux release in use. For example, typing: <screen>lsb_release -a</screen> will display: <screen>No LSB modules are available.
Distributer ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 10.04
Release: 10.04
Codename: lucid
</screen>

64.

The following commands must be prefaced with the <command>sudo</command> command. Please see <ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo">RootSudo</ulink> for information on using <command>sudo</command> (<abbrev>sudo</abbrev> is short for <quote>superuser do</quote>).

66.

The <command>addgroup</command> command is used to create a new group in the system. To create a new group, type: <screen>sudo addgroup foobar</screen> The above command will create a new group called <emphasis role="strong">foobar</emphasis>.