Translations by Gints Polis

This page gives an overview about the spectrum this element. With the mouse you can zoom into the spectrum.

An amount with which the precision of a measurement can be estimates.

A dewar vessel (or dewar flask) is designed for a good thermal insulation. Its hull is a double-layer construction with vacuum between the two layers. Because of this they are appropriote for keeping liquids cold or warm. A thermos flawsk is an example of a dewar vessel.

Dewar vessel

DSC (Differencial Scanning Calorimetry)

The DSC measures the heat flow volume of a compound. This value is very specific for every kind of matter. Thus, the DSC is used to identify chemicals or to describe them.

A funnel is used in the laboratory to fill powder into something.

A buret is used to titrate liquids. The buret is filled with a specified volume of a liquid. Below it a container like an Erlenmeyer flask is placed. By opening the valve the liquid in the container will be titrated. High-quality buret have a venting-mechanism with which they can be very easily refilled with the exact volume for which the buret is calibrated.

There are several types of burners. The picture shows a Teclu-Burner. Each type has specific uses. They vary in the peak temperature and overall heating capability.

Short-stem Funnel

Beakers are used in many places for a lot of tasks. They are used to store chemicals are to perform chemical reactions. They are also often used for titrations.

At the four ends of this separation beaker you put four small caps. While distilling, you can turn the beaker by 60 degree after a certain temperate has been reached. This way, at the end of the distillation all four caps have a specific liquid in it, depending on the boiling points of the liquid distilled.

A contact thermometer is different from a regular thermometer because of its sensor for the current temperature. Such a thermometer is connected with a heating coild. If the sensor notices that the aimed temperature has been reached the contact thermometer will make the heating coild stop heating. Therefore in an experiment it is possible to have a constant temperature.

For some chemical reactions it is important that the solvent is gas free. To achieve this the reaction vessel is put for some time into a ultrasonic bath. Through the high sound frequency the vapor locks peel away and ascend. This procedure is called outgassing.

In a measuring cylinder you can fill amounts of liquids relatively precisely. Furthermore, the cylinder allows particulate matter to sink. Following this, you can separate particulates from the fluid by decanting.

Magnetic stir bar

To separate a mixture you can use distillation amongst others. The distillation bridge is thereby the way between the two pots. In the one pot there is the mixture to be separated. Through heating, a gas forms which is lead through the bridge. At the end of the bridge the gas phase is condensed again and drips in a round flask. As a rule, the bridge is cooled by return flow. In addition, there is often a thermometer for controlling the temperature on the distillation bridge.

In a laboratory you often have to weigh out very precise amounts of reagents. High precise scales can measure masses down to 1/10000 gram.Therefor they stand on granite blocks to avoid vibrancies and are protected against blasts by a dome.

These bottles are used for many purposes. In most laboratories they are usually filled with water, salt, acid or other commonly used fluids. They make it easy to apply the fluid if you do not need to measure a precise amount.

Magnetic stir bars are highly chemically inert, small magnetic bars. Most heaters have a built-in magnet which can rotate. This causes the stir bar to rotate and the mixture to be homogenized.

There are multiple way to measure the pH-Value of an solution. With a litmus paper it is easy to get a pretty precise pH-Value. The color indicates the value. If you need a more precise value you can for example use a pH-Meter which is using the conductivity of a solution.

Litmus Paper

Watchglasses are round glass panes with a diameter of around 5 - 10 cm which are used in the various experimental techniques. The border is bent upwards to allow the watchglass to hold small amounts of liquids in order to let them evaporate. The evaporation can be accelerated by heating the watchglass with a Bunsen burner. Watchglasses can also be used to cover petri dishes or beakers. Moreover watchglasses are suited to weighing small amounts of matter or alternatively drying them in the airing cupboard. The term watchglass is derived from the former pocket watches' protection glass which was often domed.

With clamps as used in a laboratory you can easily hold all kinds of tools.

This flask named after the chemist Emil Erlenmeyer (1825-1909) comes - unlike the beaker - with an inverted conical base and a cylindrical neck. There are different types of Erlenmeyer flasks for laboratory applications, the narrow and wide neck form. Depending on the application the flask may have precision grinding to allow good connection to other containers. <br> The narrow neck reduces the risk of fluid escaping, especially when boiling or during reactions which agitate the contents. <br> An Erlenmeyer flask is useful for mixing fluids or accelerating reactions by stirring or shaking, for example. The Erlenmeyer flask is particularly suited for a magnetic stirrer, since it can be placed directly on the stirring platform. A round-bottomed flask, by contrast, must be placed on a cork ring on the stirring platform.

Pipettes are used to introduce small quantities of liquids in laboratories. A pipette has a volume scale and as a rule pileusballs are used as droppers for liquids. Both sorts of pipettes are calibrated for fluids with a temperature of 20°C and for time of outflow (signified by "Ex."). If needed times of outflow are indicated on the pipettes.

Most laboratories use extractor hoods. They filter the gasses from chemical reactions and pump the cleaned air outside of the building.

A syringe consists of two parts: A glass tube and a punch. Both are normally made of glass. A gas floats into the glass tube. As the syringe is a closed system the punch has to give way. This can be used measuring the volume of an reaction.

With a magnetic stir bar retriever you can remove magnetic stir bars from a container. The retriever is a bar with a magnet at the end which attracts the stir bars.

With a thermometer you can determine the temperature of a sample. In a laboratory special thermometers are used, which can also be used within acids or bases.

This sets the rightmost wavelength of the spectrum

With a test tube fastener you can easily hold test tubes. If you use a fastener there is a safe distance between the hand and the test tube when the tube is hot. In particular, it is used when you hold a test tube over an open flame.

Test tube fastener

There are reactions which need to be kept free of water. To make this possible one uses a drying tube, which contains a hygroscopic chemical to absorb water in the atmosphere.

A round-bottomed flask is used for a lot of reactions. Some can be connected to other items, as the frosting on the neck shows. With cork rings they can be placed on a table.

Round-bottomed Flask

Most laboratories insist that everyone wears protective goggles. Without them, it is too risky to work with most chemicals. Usually, the lens is a special type of plastic which protects you from both mechanical impacts and acid and base chemicals.

A pipette bulb is used to fill pipettes. It produces a negative pressure which makes the fluid go into the pipette. If one lets air back into the ball the fluid will run out of the pipette.

This sets the leftmost wavelength of the spectrum

whether the atomic mass will be displayed in the PSE-Table

A vortexer serves to homogenize reagents found in laboratories. The container containing liquid to be homogenized is put on a platform. The platform shakes by rotary agitation up to 3000RPM at which point a contact sensor is activated. In this way extremely small volumes of fluid can be homogenized quickly as well. It is the opposite of a centrifuge, used to separate fluids.

This rack comes in handy when you want to test many small amounts of chemicals in a row, or if you want to dry test tubes.

A separating funnel can be used to separate a mixture of fluids by differing density. A valve at the bottom allows you to drain the more dense fluid for transfer to another container.

A dropping funnel can be used to drop precise amounts of fluid. You can control the dropping speed with a valve.

The spatula is a laboratory tool to scrape off, grind and transport chemicals. The material they are made of (e.g. iron, titanium, platinum) and their design (e.g. flat spatula or spoon spatula) can be different.

A dehydrator is a laboratory apparatus which is often made of glass and serves to dry chemical matters, that is, to remove water or liquid from a sample. In principle it is a glass bowl with cap which has a planar grinding so that the bowl is air tight closeable. The dehydrator's lower part is ordinarily filled with a drying agent e.g. calcium chloride, silica gel, phosphoric anhydride or sulphuric acid. The sample to be dried is placed on a diaphanous cartridge of plastic or ceramics above the drying agent. The drying agent is hygroscopic, which means that it dehumidifies its environment by absorbing water vapor. The dry atmosphere then takes up water from the sample to be dried.

This page gives an overview about the spectrum this element

Covalent radius in chemistry corresponds to half of the distance between two identical atomic nuclei, bound by a covalent bond.

The Ionic Radius is the radius of a charged atom, a so called ion. The ion can have a positive or a negative charge. The charge of the ion which radius you see is also displayed in Kalzium. A positive ion has less electrons in its shell then the atom, a negative ion has more electrons. Therefore, a postive ion has a smaller radius than its atom and vice versa.

Your names