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325.

Bind a key sequence to a Readline function or a macro, or set
a Readline variable. The non-option argument syntax is equivalent
to that found in ~/.inputrc, but must be passed as a single argument:
bind '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.
bind accepts the following options:
-m keymap Use `keymap' as the keymap for the duration of this
command. Acceptable keymap names are emacs,
emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move,
vi-command, and vi-insert.
-l List names of functions.
-P List function names and bindings.
-p List functions and bindings in a form that can be
reused as input.
-r keyseq Remove the binding for KEYSEQ.
-x keyseq:shell-command[tab]Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed when
[tab][tab][tab][tab]KEYSEQ is entered.
-f filename Read key bindings from FILENAME.
-q function-name Query about which keys invoke the named function.
-u function-name Unbind all keys which are bound to the named function.
-V List variable names and values
-v List variable names and values in a form that can
be reused as input.
-S List key sequences that invoke macros and their values
-s List key sequences that invoke macros and their values
in a form that can be reused as input.

339.

Output the ARGs. If -n is specified, the trailing newline is
suppressed. If the -e option is given, interpretation of the
following backslash-escaped characters is turned on:
[tab]\a[tab]alert (bell)
[tab]\b[tab]backspace
[tab]\c[tab]suppress trailing newline
[tab]\E[tab]escape character
[tab]\f[tab]form feed
[tab]\n[tab]new line
[tab]\r[tab]carriage return
[tab]\t[tab]horizontal tab
[tab]\v[tab]vertical tab
[tab]\\[tab]backslash
[tab]\0nnn[tab]the character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal). NNN can be
[tab][tab]0 to 3 octal digits

You can explicitly turn off the interpretation of the above characters
with the -E option.

343.

Getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.

OPTSTRING contains the option letters to be recognized; if a letter
is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument,
which should be separated from it by white space.

Each time it is invoked, getopts will place the next option in the
shell variable $name, initializing name if it does not exist, and
the index of the next argument to be processed into the shell
variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or
a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument,
getopts places that argument into the shell variable OPTARG.

getopts reports errors in one of two ways. If the first character
of OPTSTRING is a colon, getopts uses silent error reporting. In
this mode, no error messages are printed. If an invalid option is
seen, getopts places the option character found into OPTARG. If a
required argument is not found, getopts places a ':' into NAME and
sets OPTARG to the option character found. If getopts is not in
silent mode, and an invalid option is seen, getopts places '?' into
NAME and unsets OPTARG. If a required argument is not found, a '?'
is placed in NAME, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is
printed.

If the shell variable OPTERR has the value 0, getopts disables the
printing of error messages, even if the first character of
OPTSTRING is not a colon. OPTERR has the value 1 by default.

Getopts normally parses the positional parameters ($0 - $9), but if
more arguments are given, they are parsed instead.

347.

fc is used to list or edit and re-execute commands from the history list.
FIRST and LAST can be numbers specifying the range, or FIRST can be a
string, which means the most recent command beginning with that
string.

-e ENAME selects which editor to use. Default is FCEDIT, then EDITOR,
then vi.

-l means list lines instead of editing.
-n means no line numbers listed.
-r means reverse the order of the lines (making it newest listed first).

With the `fc -s [pat=rep ...] [command]' format, the command is
re-executed after the substitution OLD=NEW is performed.

A useful alias to use with this is r='fc -s', so that typing `r cc'
runs the last command beginning with `cc' and typing `r' re-executes
the last command.

352.

Display the history list with line numbers. Lines listed with
with a `*' have been modified. Argument of N says to list only
the last N lines. The `-c' option causes the history list to be
cleared by deleting all of the entries. The `-d' option deletes
the history entry at offset OFFSET. The `-w' option writes out the
current history to the history file; `-r' means to read the file and
append the contents to the history list instead. `-a' means
to append history lines from this session to the history file.
Argument `-n' means to read all history lines not already read
from the history file and append them to the history list.

If FILENAME is given, then that is used as the history file else
if $HISTFILE has a value, that is used, else ~/.bash_history.
If the -s option is supplied, the non-option ARGs are appended to
the history list as a single entry. The -p option means to perform
history expansion on each ARG and display the result, without storing
anything in the history list.

If the $HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set and not null, its value is used
as a format string for strftime(3) to print the time stamp associated
with each displayed history entry. No time stamps are printed otherwise.

353.

Lists the active jobs. The -l option lists process id's in addition
to the normal information; the -p option lists process id's only.
If -n is given, only processes that have changed status since the last
notification are printed. JOBSPEC restricts output to that job. The
-r and -s options restrict output to running and stopped jobs only,
respectively. Without options, the status of all active jobs is
printed. If -x is given, COMMAND is run after all job specifications
that appear in ARGS have been replaced with the process ID of that job's
process group leader.

355.

Send the processes named by PID (or JOBSPEC) the signal SIGSPEC. If
SIGSPEC is not present, then SIGTERM is assumed. An argument of `-l'
lists the signal names; if arguments follow `-l' they are assumed to
be signal numbers for which names should be listed. Kill is a shell
builtin for two reasons: it allows job IDs to be used instead of
process IDs, and, if you have reached the limit on processes that
you can create, you don't have to start a process to kill another one.

356.

Each ARG is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated. Evaluation
is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, though
division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The following
list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators.
The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence.

[tab]id++, id--[tab]variable post-increment, post-decrement
[tab]++id, --id[tab]variable pre-increment, pre-decrement
[tab]-, +[tab][tab]unary minus, plus
[tab]!, ~[tab][tab]logical and bitwise negation
[tab]**[tab][tab]exponentiation
[tab]*, /, %[tab][tab]multiplication, division, remainder
[tab]+, -[tab][tab]addition, subtraction
[tab]<<, >>[tab][tab]left and right bitwise shifts
[tab]<=, >=, <, >[tab]comparison
[tab]==, !=[tab][tab]equality, inequality
[tab]&[tab][tab]bitwise AND
[tab]^[tab][tab]bitwise XOR
[tab]|[tab][tab]bitwise OR
[tab]&&[tab][tab]logical AND
[tab]||[tab][tab]logical OR
[tab]expr ? expr : expr
[tab][tab][tab]conditional operator
[tab]=, *=, /=, %=,
[tab]+=, -=, <<=, >>=,
[tab]&=, ^=, |=[tab]assignment

Shell variables are allowed as operands. The name of the variable
is replaced by its value (coerced to a fixed-width integer) within
an expression. The variable need not have its integer attribute
turned on to be used in an expression.

Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in
parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence
rules above.

If the last ARG evaluates to 0, let returns 1; 0 is returned
otherwise.

357.

One line is read from the standard input, or from file descriptor FD if the
-u option is supplied, and the first word is assigned to the first NAME,
the second word to the second NAME, and so on, with leftover words assigned
to the last NAME. Only the characters found in $IFS are recognized as word
delimiters. If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read is stored in the REPLY
variable. If the -r option is given, this signifies `raw' input, and
backslash escaping is disabled. The -d option causes read to continue
until the first character of DELIM is read, rather than newline. If the -p
option is supplied, the string PROMPT is output without a trailing newline
before attempting to read. If -a is supplied, the words read are assigned
to sequential indices of ARRAY, starting at zero. If -e is supplied and
the shell is interactive, readline is used to obtain the line. If -n is
supplied with a non-zero NCHARS argument, read returns after NCHARS
characters have been read. The -s option causes input coming from a
terminal to not be echoed.

The -t option causes read to time out and return failure if a complete line
of input is not read within TIMEOUT seconds. If the TMOUT variable is set,
its value is the default timeout. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file
is encountered, read times out, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as
the argument to -u.

359.

-a Mark variables which are modified or created for export.
-b Notify of job termination immediately.
-e Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status.
-f Disable file name generation (globbing).
-h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up.
-k All assignment arguments are placed in the environment for a
command, not just those that precede the command name.
-m Job control is enabled.
-n Read commands but do not execute them.
-o option-name
Set the variable corresponding to option-name:
allexport same as -a
braceexpand same as -B
emacs use an emacs-style line editing interface
errexit same as -e
errtrace same as -E
functrace same as -T
hashall same as -h
histexpand same as -H
history enable command history
ignoreeof the shell will not exit upon reading EOF
interactive-comments
allow comments to appear in interactive commands
keyword same as -k
monitor same as -m
noclobber same as -C
noexec same as -n
noglob same as -f
nolog currently accepted but ignored
notify same as -b
nounset same as -u
onecmd same as -t
physical same as -P
pipefail the return value of a pipeline is the status of
the last command to exit with a non-zero status,
or zero if no command exited with a non-zero status
posix change the behavior of bash where the default
operation differs from the 1003.2 standard to
match the standard
privileged same as -p
verbose same as -v
vi use a vi-style line editing interface
xtrace same as -x
-p Turned on whenever the real and effective user ids do not match.
Disables processing of the $ENV file and importing of shell
functions. Turning this option off causes the effective uid and
gid to be set to the real uid and gid.
-t Exit after reading and executing one command.
-u Treat unset variables as an error when substituting.
-v Print shell input lines as they are read.
-x Print commands and their arguments as they are executed.
-B the shell will perform brace expansion
-C If set, disallow existing regular files to be overwritten
by redirection of output.
-E If set, the ERR trap is inherited by shell functions.
-H Enable ! style history substitution. This flag is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
-P If set, do not follow symbolic links when executing commands
such as cd which change the current directory.
-T If set, the DEBUG trap is inherited by shell functions.
- Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters.
The -x and -v options are turned off.

Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. The
flags can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The current
set of flags may be found in $-. The remaining n ARGs are positional
parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, .. $n. If no
ARGs are given, all shell variables are printed.