Translations by Ander

Ubuntu is a South African ethical ideology focusing on people's allegiances and relations with each other. The word comes from the Zulu and Xhosa languages. Ubuntu (pronounced "oo-BOON-too") is seen as a traditional African concept, is regarded as one of the founding principles of the new republic of South Africa and is connected to the idea of an African Renaissance.

Version and Release Numbers

To start <application>Terminal</application> choose <menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Terminal</guimenuitem></menuchoice> .

The <application>mkdir</application> (MaKeDIRectory) command will create a directory.

Change Directories: - cd (/directory/location)

The <application>cd</application> (ChangeDirectory) command will change from your current directory to any directory you specify.

Copy Files/Directories: - cp (file or directory name) (to directory or filename)

The <application>cp</application> (CoPy) command will copy any files you specify. The <application>cp -r</application> command will copy any directories you specify.

The <application>rm</application> (ReMove) command will delete any filename you specify. The <application>rm -rf</application> command will remove any directory you specify.

The <application>mv</application> (MoVe) command will rename/move any file or directory you specify.

Disable the beep sound in Terminal mode

for uri in $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS; do gksudo "gnome-open $uri" &amp; done

(See <xref linkend="disableCtrlAltBackspace"/> to disable <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>Backspace</keycap></keycombo>.)

Make a backup copy of your existing <filename>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</filename> file: <screen>sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup</screen>

Open <filename>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</filename> for editing: <screen>gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf</screen>

There are thousands of programs available to install on Ubuntu. These programs are stored in software archives (<emphasis>repositories</emphasis>) and are made freely available for installation over the Internet. This makes it very easy to install new programs in Linux, and it is also very secure, because each program you install is built specially for Ubuntu and checked before it is installed. To organise the software, Ubuntu repositories are categorised into four groups: <emphasis>Main</emphasis>, <emphasis>Restricted</emphasis>, <emphasis>Universe</emphasis>, and <emphasis>Multiverse</emphasis>.

The rationale used to determine which software goes into which category is based on two factors:

The level of support software development teams provide for a program.

The level of compliance the program has to the <ulink url="http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/philosophy">Free Software Philosophy</ulink>.

You can find more information about the Repositories available <ulink url="http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/components">on the website</ulink>.

Adding Extra Repositories

To enable the extra repositories:

Open <menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Software Properties</guimenuitem></menuchoice> .

Select <guibutton>Add</guibutton>

To enable the <emphasis>Universe</emphasis> repository, check the <guibutton>Community Maintained (Universe)</guibutton> button.

Adding this repository will mean that the majority of the Free Software universe will be available to install on your system. This software is supported by a carefully selected group of volunteers within the Ubuntu Community, but is not supported by the core Ubuntu development team and may not include security updates.

To enable the <emphasis>Multiverse</emphasis> repository, check the <guibutton>Non-free (Multiverse)</guibutton> button.

Adding this repository will mean that software which has been classified as <emphasis>non-free</emphasis> will be available to install on your system. This software may not be permitted in some jurisdictions. When installing each package from this repository, you should verify that the laws of your country permit you to use it. Again, this software may not include security updates.

The <application>Update Manager</application> program will list the available updates: to download and install these updates click <guibutton>Install Updates</guibutton>. Ubuntu will then download and install the available updates from the Internet.