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533.

Display information about builtin commands.

Displays brief summaries of builtin commands. If PATTERN is
specified, gives detailed help on all commands matching PATTERN,
otherwise the list of help topics is printed.

Options:
-d[tab]output short description for each topic
-m[tab]display usage in pseudo-manpage format
-s[tab]output only a short usage synopsis for each topic matching
[tab][tab]PATTERN

Arguments:
PATTERN[tab]Pattern specifiying a help topic

Exit Status:
Returns success unless PATTERN is not found or an invalid option is given.

534.

Display or manipulate the history list.

Display the history list with line numbers, prefixing each modified
entry with a `*'. An argument of N lists only the last N entries.

Options:
-c[tab]clear the history list by deleting all of the entries
-d offset[tab]delete the history entry at position OFFSET.

-a[tab]append history lines from this session to the history file
-n[tab]read all history lines not already read from the history file
[tab][tab]and append them to the history list
-r[tab]read the history file and append the contents to the history
[tab][tab]list
-w[tab]write the current history to the history file

-p[tab]perform history expansion on each ARG and display the result
[tab][tab]without storing it in the history list
-s[tab]append the ARGs to the history list as a single entry

If FILENAME is given, it is used as the history file. Otherwise,
if HISTFILE has a value, that is used, else ~/.bash_history.

If the HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set and not null, its value is used
as a format string for strftime(3) to print the time stamp associated
with each displayed history entry. No time stamps are printed otherwise.

Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs.

535.

Display status of jobs.

Lists the active jobs. JOBSPEC restricts output to that job.
Without options, the status of all active jobs is displayed.

Options:
-l[tab]lists process IDs in addition to the normal information
-n[tab]lists only processes that have changed status since the last
[tab][tab]notification
-p[tab]lists process IDs only
-r[tab]restrict output to running jobs
-s[tab]restrict output to stopped jobs

If -x is supplied, COMMAND is run after all job specifications that
appear in ARGS have been replaced with the process ID of that job's
process group leader.

Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs.
If -x is used, returns the exit status of COMMAND.

537.

Send a signal to a job.

Send the processes identified by PID or JOBSPEC the signal named by
SIGSPEC or SIGNUM. If neither SIGSPEC nor SIGNUM is present, then
SIGTERM is assumed.

Options:
-s sig[tab]SIG is a signal name
-n sig[tab]SIG is a signal number
-l[tab]list the signal names; if arguments follow `-l' they are
[tab][tab]assumed to be signal numbers for which names should be listed
-L[tab]synonym for -l

Kill is a shell builtin for two reasons: it allows job IDs to be used
instead of process IDs, and allows processes to be killed if the limit
on processes that you can create is reached.

Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs.

539.

Read a line from the standard input and split it into fields.

Reads a single line from the standard input, or from file descriptor FD
if the -u option is supplied. The line is split into fields as with word
splitting, and the first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second
word to the second NAME, and so on, with any leftover words assigned to
the last NAME. Only the characters found in $IFS are recognized as word
delimiters.

If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read is stored in the REPLY variable.

Options:
-a array[tab]assign the words read to sequential indices of the array
[tab][tab]variable ARRAY, starting at zero
-d delim[tab]continue until the first character of DELIM is read, rather
[tab][tab]than newline
-e[tab]use Readline to obtain the line in an interactive shell
-i text[tab]use TEXT as the initial text for Readline
-n nchars[tab]return after reading NCHARS characters rather than waiting
[tab][tab]for a newline, but honor a delimiter if fewer than
[tab][tab]NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter
-N nchars[tab]return only after reading exactly NCHARS characters, unless
[tab][tab]EOF is encountered or read times out, ignoring any
[tab][tab]delimiter
-p prompt[tab]output the string PROMPT without a trailing newline before
[tab][tab]attempting to read
-r[tab]do not allow backslashes to escape any characters
-s[tab]do not echo input coming from a terminal
-t timeout[tab]time out and return failure if a complete line of
[tab][tab]input is not read within TIMEOUT seconds. The value of the
[tab][tab]TMOUT variable is the default timeout. TIMEOUT may be a
[tab][tab]fractional number. If TIMEOUT is 0, read returns
[tab][tab]immediately, without trying to read any data, returning
[tab][tab]success only if input is available on the specified
[tab][tab]file descriptor. The exit status is greater than 128
[tab][tab]if the timeout is exceeded
-u fd[tab]read from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input

Exit Status:
The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read times out
(in which case it's greater than 128), a variable assignment error occurs,
or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u.

541.

Set or unset values of shell options and positional parameters.

Change the value of shell attributes and positional parameters, or
display the names and values of shell variables.

Options:
-a Mark variables which are modified or created for export.
-b Notify of job termination immediately.
-e Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status.
-f Disable file name generation (globbing).
-h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up.
-k All assignment arguments are placed in the environment for a
command, not just those that precede the command name.
-m Job control is enabled.
-n Read commands but do not execute them.
-o option-name
Set the variable corresponding to option-name:
allexport same as -a
braceexpand same as -B
emacs use an emacs-style line editing interface
errexit same as -e
errtrace same as -E
functrace same as -T
hashall same as -h
histexpand same as -H
history enable command history
ignoreeof the shell will not exit upon reading EOF
interactive-comments
allow comments to appear in interactive commands
keyword same as -k
monitor same as -m
noclobber same as -C
noexec same as -n
noglob same as -f
nolog currently accepted but ignored
notify same as -b
nounset same as -u
onecmd same as -t
physical same as -P
pipefail the return value of a pipeline is the status of
the last command to exit with a non-zero status,
or zero if no command exited with a non-zero status
posix change the behavior of bash where the default
operation differs from the Posix standard to
match the standard
privileged same as -p
verbose same as -v
vi use a vi-style line editing interface
xtrace same as -x
-p Turned on whenever the real and effective user ids do not match.
Disables processing of the $ENV file and importing of shell
functions. Turning this option off causes the effective uid and
gid to be set to the real uid and gid.
-t Exit after reading and executing one command.
-u Treat unset variables as an error when substituting.
-v Print shell input lines as they are read.
-x Print commands and their arguments as they are executed.
-B the shell will perform brace expansion
-C If set, disallow existing regular files to be overwritten
by redirection of output.
-E If set, the ERR trap is inherited by shell functions.
-H Enable ! style history substitution. This flag is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
-P If set, do not resolve symbolic links when executing commands
such as cd which change the current directory.
-T If set, the DEBUG and RETURN traps are inherited by shell functions.
-- Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters.
If there are no remaining arguments, the positional parameters
are unset.
- Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters.
The -x and -v options are turned off.

Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. The
flags can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The current
set of flags may be found in $-. The remaining n ARGs are positional
parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, .. $n. If no
ARGs are given, all shell variables are printed.

Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given.

542.

Unset values and attributes of shell variables and functions.

For each NAME, remove the corresponding variable or function.

Options:
-f[tab]treat each NAME as a shell function
-v[tab]treat each NAME as a shell variable
-n[tab]treat each NAME as a name reference and unset the variable itself
[tab][tab]rather than the variable it references

Without options, unset first tries to unset a variable, and if that fails,
tries to unset a function.

Some variables cannot be unset; also see `readonly'.

Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a NAME is read-only.

544.

Mark shell variables as unchangeable.

Mark each NAME as read-only; the values of these NAMEs may not be
changed by subsequent assignment. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE
before marking as read-only.

Options:
-a[tab]refer to indexed array variables
-A[tab]refer to associative array variables
-f[tab]refer to shell functions
-p[tab]display a list of all readonly variables or functions,
[tab][tab]depending on whether or not the -f option is given

An argument of `--' disables further option processing.

Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid.

548.

Evaluate conditional expression.

Exits with a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on
the evaluation of EXPR. Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary
expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. There
are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well.

The behavior of test depends on the number of arguments. Read the
bash manual page for the complete specification.

File operators:

-a FILE True if file exists.
-b FILE True if file is block special.
-c FILE True if file is character special.
-d FILE True if file is a directory.
-e FILE True if file exists.
-f FILE True if file exists and is a regular file.
-g FILE True if file is set-group-id.
-h FILE True if file is a symbolic link.
-L FILE True if file is a symbolic link.
-k FILE True if file has its `sticky' bit set.
-p FILE True if file is a named pipe.
-r FILE True if file is readable by you.
-s FILE True if file exists and is not empty.
-S FILE True if file is a socket.
-t FD True if FD is opened on a terminal.
-u FILE True if the file is set-user-id.
-w FILE True if the file is writable by you.
-x FILE True if the file is executable by you.
-O FILE True if the file is effectively owned by you.
-G FILE True if the file is effectively owned by your group.
-N FILE True if the file has been modified since it was last read.

FILE1 -nt FILE2 True if file1 is newer than file2 (according to
modification date).

FILE1 -ot FILE2 True if file1 is older than file2.

FILE1 -ef FILE2 True if file1 is a hard link to file2.

String operators:

-z STRING True if string is empty.

-n STRING
STRING True if string is not empty.

STRING1 = STRING2
True if the strings are equal.
STRING1 != STRING2
True if the strings are not equal.
STRING1 < STRING2
True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically.
STRING1 > STRING2
True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically.

Other operators:

-o OPTION True if the shell option OPTION is enabled.
-v VAR True if the shell variable VAR is set.
-R VAR True if the shell variable VAR is set and is a name
reference.
! EXPR True if expr is false.
EXPR1 -a EXPR2 True if both expr1 AND expr2 are true.
EXPR1 -o EXPR2 True if either expr1 OR expr2 is true.

arg1 OP arg2 Arithmetic tests. OP is one of -eq, -ne,
-lt, -le, -gt, or -ge.

Arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal, not-equal,
less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, or greater-than-or-equal
than ARG2.

Exit Status:
Returns success if EXPR evaluates to true; fails if EXPR evaluates to
false or an invalid argument is given.

552.

Display information about command type.

For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name.

Options:
-a[tab]display all locations containing an executable named NAME;
[tab][tab]includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if
[tab][tab]the `-p' option is not also used
-f[tab]suppress shell function lookup
-P[tab]force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
[tab][tab]builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file
[tab][tab]that would be executed
-p[tab]returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,
[tab][tab]or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'
-t[tab]output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword',
[tab][tab]`function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias,
[tab][tab]shell reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file,
[tab][tab]or not found, respectively

Arguments:
NAME[tab]Command name to be interpreted.

Exit Status:
Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found.