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23.
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Ubuntu is a Linux-based open source operating system. The term 'open source' can be defined as a set of principles and practices that promotes access to the design and production of goods and knowledge. Open source is generally applied to the source code of software and is available to users with relaxed or no intellectual property restrictions. This enables users to distribute, create and modify software content, either individually to meet their specific requirement or collaboratively to improve the software. Both open source and Linux have transitioned through various phases to reach their present form.
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Ubuntu 是一个基于 linux 的开源操作系统，“开源”可以被认为是一系列的原则和做法，这些原则和做法推进产品和知识的创造。开源被广泛运用于软件的源代码，用户可以在不存在知识产权限制的情况下使用它们，即使有限制，也不会是苛刻的。这使得用户可以分发，创建和修改软件的内容，或者是为了满足其特定要求或协作的需要而单独地改进软件。为了达到目前的良好状况，无论是开源软件还是 Linux ，都经历了一系列不同的阶段。
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Translated and reviewed by
sxdhaoren
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Located in
chapter1/po/xinclude.xml:50(para)
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24.
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The idea behind openly distributed source code is to encourage the voluntary, collaborative development of software. Users continuously enhance the software, fix bugs, develop new features and share it with others.
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开放、分布的源代码后的核心思想是鼓励自愿、协作地开发软件。用户不断地优化软件，修补漏洞，开发新特性并发布给其他人使用。
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Translated by
xianghui liu
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Reviewed by
Kyle WANG
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Located in
chapter1/po/xinclude.xml:61(para)
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25.
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As a result of collaborative software development which involves a large number of programmers, users receive software that is often better in quality and performance than proprietary alternatives. Users are encouraged to customise the software to their own personal requirements, which in itself is a huge step away from the 'one size fits all' philosophy.
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(no translation yet)
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Located in
chapter1/po/xinclude.xml:65(para)
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26.
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Open source projects call on the talents of many people with skills other than programming. Many projects involve artists, musicians, user-interface designers and documentation authors to create a complete product.
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开源项目需要众多有才能的人参与，他们不一定要会编程。很多项目有艺术家、音乐家、用户界面设计师以及文档作者的参与才能创建完整的产品。
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Translated and reviewed by
sxdhaoren
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Located in
chapter1/po/xinclude.xml:72(para)
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27.
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Free Software Movement, Open Source and Linux
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自由软件运动，开源和 Linux
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Translated and reviewed by
Wylmer Wang
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Located in
chapter1/po/xinclude.xml:78(title)
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28.
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There is often confusion between open source, free software and Linux. While all three are inter-linked, there are distinct differences which are made clearer when looking at their evolution.
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开源软件、自由软件以及 Linux 之间经常有混淆。尽管三者互相关联，但当您关注他们的发展时会明确地发现明显的不同。
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Translated and reviewed by
sxdhaoren
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Located in
chapter1/po/xinclude.xml:79(para)
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29.
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The Free Software Movement
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自由软件运动
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Translated and reviewed by
Wylmer Wang
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Located in
chapter1/po/xinclude.xml:84(title)
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30.
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In the 1960s, it was typical for software to be distributed freely by companies such as IBM and shared amongst users. Software was then considered an enabler for the hardware, around which the business model of these corporations was built. Software was provided with source code that could be improved and modified; this was therefore the very early seeds of open source software. However, as hardware became cheaper and profit margins eroded in the 1970s, manufacturers looked to software to provide additional revenue streams.
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(no translation yet)
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Located in
chapter1/po/xinclude.xml:85(para)
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31.
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In September 1983, Richard Matthew Stallman, former programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab launched the GNU project to create a free UNIX-like operating system (OS). He was concerned with growth in proprietary software and users' inability to access and modify programmes on their computers. Developer constraint, as opposed to freedom was prevalent. With the launch of the GNU project, Stallman started the Free Software Movement and in October 1985, set up the Free Software Foundation.
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(no translation yet)
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Located in
chapter1/po/xinclude.xml:95(para)
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32.
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Stallman pioneered the definition and characteristics of open source software and the concept of copyleft. He is the main author of several copyleft licenses, including the GNU General Public License (GPL), which is the most widely used free software license.
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(no translation yet)
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Located in
chapter1/po/xinclude.xml:104(para)
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