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33.

The <command>cd</command> command changes directories. (<acronym>cd</acronym> stands for <quote>change directory</quote>). When a terminal window is opened, it will be in the user's home directory. Moving around the file system requires the use of the <command>cd</command> command.

46.

The <command>touch</command> command is used to change a file's access and modification timestamps or to create a new empty file. For example, <screen>touch foo</screen> will create a new empty file named <filename>foo</filename>. If <filename>foo</filename> is already a file, then using <command>touch</command> will update the timestamps on the file, which show the last time a file was <emphasis>touched</emphasis>.

52.

The <command>mv</command> command moves a file or directory to a different location or renames a file or directory. (<acronym>mv</acronym> is short for <quote>move</quote>). To rename the file <filename>foo</filename> to <filename>bar</filename>, type: <screen>mv foo bar</screen> To move the file <filename>foo</filename> into the current user's <filename class="directory">Desktop</filename> directory, type: <screen>mv foo
~/Desktop</screen> This will not rename <filename>foo</filename> to <filename>Desktop</filename>, because <filename>foo</filename> is a file and <filename class="directory">Desktop</filename> is a directory.

54.

The <command>rm</command> command is used to delete files and directories. (<acronym>rm</acronym> is short for <quote>remove</quote>). To delete the file <filename>foo</filename> from the current directory, type: <screen>rm foo</screen>

55.

By default, <command>rm</command> will not remove directories. To remove a directory, you must use the <command>-r</command> option (which can also be entered as <command>-R</command> or <command>--recursive</command>). For example, <screen>rm -r foobar</screen> or <screen>rm -R foobar</screen> or <screen>rm --recursive foobar</screen> will remove the directory <filename class="directory">foobar</filename><emphasis> and all of its contents!</emphasis>

62.

The <command>top</command> command displays information on the <trademark>Linux</trademark> system - processes that are running, system resources including <acronym>CPU</acronym>, <acronym>RAM</acronym> &amp; swap usage, and the total number of tasks being run. To exit <command>top</command>, press <keycap>q</keycap>.

64.

The <command>uname</command> command with the <command>-a</command> option displays all system information, including machine name, kernel name &amp; version, and other details. This command is useful for checking which kernel is in use. (<abbrev>uname</abbrev> is short for <quote>unix name</quote>).

66.

The <command>lsb_release</command> with the <command>-a</command> option prints version information for the <trademark>Linux</trademark> release in use. For example, typing: <screen>lsb_release -a</screen> will display: <screen>No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 12.04
Release: 12.04
Codename: precise
</screen>

70.

The <command>addgroup</command> command is used to create a new group in the system. To create a new group, type: <screen>sudo addgroup foobar</screen> The above command will create a new group called <emphasis>foobar</emphasis>.

72.

The <command>adduser</command> command is used to create a new user on the system. To create a new user, type: <screen>adduser foobar</screen> which will create a new user called <emphasis>foobar</emphasis>.