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3.

Basic Concepts

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This chapter introduces you to basic concepts which are useful when getting started with a Kubuntu system.

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In Linux and Unix everything is a file. Directories are files, files are files, and devices are files. Devices are usually referred to as nodes; however, they are still files.

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Linux and Unix file systems are organized in a hierarchical, tree-like structure. The highest level of the file system is the <filename>/</filename> or root directory. All other files and directories exist under the root directory. For example, <filename>/home/konqi/kubuntu.odt</filename> shows the correct full path, or absolute path, to the <filename>kubuntu.odt</filename> file that exists in the <filename>konqi</filename> directory, which is under the <filename>home</filename> directory, which in turn is under the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory.

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Underneath the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory is a set of important directories common to most Linux distributions. The following is a listing of common directories that are directly under the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory:

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Important commands, which historically have been <emphasis>bin</emphasis>ary, but may also be shell scripts.

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<emphasis>Boot</emphasis> configuration files, kernels, and other files needed at <emphasis>boot</emphasis> time.

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Configuration files, startup scripts, <emphasis>etc</emphasis>.

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<emphasis>Home</emphasis> directories for different users.

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Used when creating a customized <emphasis>init</emphasis>ial <emphasis>R</emphasis>AM <emphasis>D</emphasis>isk.