Translations by xiaocao2000

<phrase>Xubuntu</phrase> doesn't feature a trash bin at the moment. Please note that the <application>File Manager</application> will always ask you whether you want to <emphasis>permanently</emphasis> delete files when you click on "delete". There is currently no way to bring back your deleted files.

You can't. The panel has been rewritten and can not use the old configuration files anymore.

How do I start a program manually?

Sometimes it can be useful to start a program manually, for example when the program does not have an entry in the menu. This is easy to do with the <application>Run Program</application> dialog.

Open the <application>Run Program</application> dialog by typing: <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo>

Enter the name of the program you wish to run, and press <keycap>Enter</keycap>.

Please make sure you have all the appropriate libraries for the restricted formats installed. Consult the Wiki Page on <ulink url="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/RestrictedFormats">Restricted Formats</ulink>. Some people have reported that installing <emphasis>libxine-extracodecs </emphasis> fixed this issue.

Check <ulink url="http://www.xfce-look.org//"/>. There should be something there for every taste.

How do I connect to a remote machine from the <application>File Manager (Thunar)</application>?

The <application>File Manager (Thunar)</application> does not allow you to connect to remote machines yet. These features are planned for a future release of <application>Thunar</application>.

Introduction

<phrase>Xubuntu</phrase> shares the same package sources as <phrase>Ubuntu</phrase> and Kubuntu. This has the following advantages: <placeholder-1/>

About Ubuntu

The Ubuntu project is entirely committed to the principles of open source software development; people are encouraged to use open source software, improve it, and pass it on. This means that Ubuntu is and will always be free of charge.

Linux Basics

Linux is inspired by the Unix operating system which first appeared in 1969, and has been in continous use and development ever since. Many of the design conventions behind Unix also exist in Linux and are central to understanding the basics of the system.

Unix was primarily oriented towards the command line interface, and that legacy is carried on in Linux. Thus, the graphical user interface with its windows, icons and menus are built on top of a basic command line interface. Furthermore, this means that the Linux file system is structured to be easily manageable and accessible from the command line.

Directories and File Systems

Linux and Unix file systems are organised in a hierarchical, tree-like structure. The highest level of the file system is the <filename>/</filename> or <emphasis>root directory</emphasis>. In the Unix and Linux design philosophy, everything is considered a file - including hard disks, partitions and removable media. This means that all other files and directories (including other disks and partitions) exist under the root directory.

For example, <filename>/home/jebediah/cheeses.odt</filename> shows the correct full path to the <filename>cheeses.odt</filename> file that exists in the <filename>jebediah</filename> directory which is under the <filename>home</filename> directory, which in turn, is under the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory.

Underneath the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory, there is a set of important system directories that are common across most Linux distributions that are used. The following is a listing of common directories that are directly under the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory:

<filename>/bin</filename> - important <emphasis>bin</emphasis>ary applications

<filename>/boot</filename> - <emphasis>boot</emphasis> configuration files

<filename>/dev</filename> - the <emphasis>dev</emphasis>ice files

<filename>/etc</filename> - configuration files, startup scripts, <emphasis>etc</emphasis>...

<filename>/home</filename> - local users' <emphasis>home</emphasis> directories

<filename>/lib</filename> - system <emphasis>lib</emphasis>raries

<filename>/lost+found</filename> - provides a <emphasis>lost+found</emphasis> system for files that exist under the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory

<filename>/media</filename> - mounted (loaded) removable <emphasis>media</emphasis> such as CDs, digital cameras, etc...

<filename>/mnt</filename> - <emphasis>m</emphasis>ou<emphasis>nt</emphasis>ed filesystems

<filename>/opt</filename> - provides a location for <emphasis>opt</emphasis>ional applications to be installed

<filename>/proc</filename> - special dynamic directory that maintains information about the state of the system, including currently running <emphasis>proc</emphasis>esses

<filename>/root</filename> - <emphasis>root</emphasis> user home directory, pronounced 'slash-root'

<filename>/sbin</filename> - important <emphasis>s</emphasis>ystem <emphasis>bin</emphasis>aries

<filename>/sys</filename> - <emphasis>sys</emphasis>tem files

<filename>/usr</filename> - applications and files that are mostly available for all <emphasis>us</emphasis>e<emphasis>r</emphasis>s to access

<filename>/var</filename> - <emphasis>var</emphasis>iable files such as logs and databases

All of the files on a Linux system have permissions that allow or prevent others from viewing, modifying or executing. The super user "root" has the ability to access any file on the system. Each file has access restrictions, user restrictions and have an owner/group association.

Every file is secured by the following three sets of permissions, in order of importance:

applies to the user who is the owner of the file

group

applies to the group that is associated with the file

applies to all other users

Inside each of the three sets of permissions are the actual permissons. The permissions, along with the way they apply differently to files and directories, are outlined below:

files can be displayed/opened

directory contents can be displayed

write

files can be edited or deleted

directory contents can be modified

execute