Translations by Luca Ferretti
Luca Ferretti has submitted the following strings to this translation. Contributions are visually coded: currently used translations, unreviewed suggestions, rejected suggestions.
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| 11. |
Introducing Ubuntu
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Introduzione a Ubuntu
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Objectives
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Obiettivi
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In this lesson, you will learn:
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In questa lezione si imparerà:
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The fundamental concepts of open source.
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I concetti fondamentali dell'open source.
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The link between the Free Software Movement, open source and Linux
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Il collegamento tra il movimento Free Software, open source e Linux.
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How Ubuntu ties in with open source
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How Ubuntu is developed
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Come è sviluppato Ubuntu
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About Ubuntu versions
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Le versioni di Ubuntu
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The key differences between Ubuntu and Microsoft Windows
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Le differenze chiave tra Ubuntu e Microsoft Windows
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| 20. |
About Open Source
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| 21. |
Instructor Notes:
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Note per l'istruttore:
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Note per istruttore:
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| 22. |
The focus of this topic is to help students understand the concept of open source, which is the underlying foundation of Ubuntu. Briefly explain the dictionary meaning of 'open source' in general and move on to establishing how the open source ideology developed in the context of Linux. Present this as a story spread over different phases: Free Software Movement, Open Source Movement initiation and its formal launch. Explain the Ubuntu release schedule, naming convention and Ubuntu promise in detail.
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Il focus di questo argomento è di aiutare gli studenti a comprendere il concetto di open source, che è il fondamento basilare di Ubuntu. Spiegare brevemente il significato di "open source" in generale e passare a definire come l'ideologia open source è sviluppata nel contesto di Linux. Presentare ciò come una storia diffusa su differenti fai: il Movimento Free Software, l'inizio del Movimento Open Source e il suo lancio formale. Spiegare in dettaglio la pianificazione dei rilasci di Ubuntu, la convezione sui nomi e la promessa Ubuntu.
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| 23. |
Ubuntu is a Linux-based open source operating system. The term 'open source' can be defined as a set of principles and practices that promotes access to the design and production of goods and knowledge. Open source is generally applied to the source code of software and is available to users with relaxed or no intellectual property restrictions. This enables users to distribute, create and modify software content, either individually to meet their specific requirement or collaboratively to improve the software. Both open source and Linux have transitioned through various phases to reach their present form.
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Ubuntu è un sistema operativo open source basato su Linux. Il termine "open source" può essere definito come un insieme di principi e pratiche che promuovono l'accesso alla progettazione e alla produzione di beni e conoscenze. L'open source è in generale applicato al codice sorgente del software, rilasciato agli utenti con restrizioni non rigide o senza proprietà intellettuale. In questo modo si consente agli utenti di distribuire, creare e modificare contenuti software, sia individualmente per soddisfare le proprie richieste specifiche, che il modo collaborativo per migliorare il software. Sia l'open source che Linux sono passati attraverso diverse fasi prima di raggiungere la loro forma attuale.
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The idea behind openly distributed source code is to encourage the voluntary, collaborative development of software. Users continuously enhance the software, fix bugs, develop new features and share it with others.
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L'idea sottesa alla distribuzione aperta del codice sorgente è quella di incoraggiare lo sviluppo in modo volontario e collaborativo del software stesso. Gli stessi utilizzatori posso migliorare il software, correggere i bug, sviluppare nuovo funzioni e condividere il software con altri.
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As a result of collaborative software development which involves a large number of programmers, users receive software that is often better in quality and performance than proprietary alternatives. Users are encouraged to customise the software to their own personal requirements, which in itself is a huge step away from the 'one size fits all' philosophy.
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Come risultato dello sviluppo in modo collaborativo del software, a cui hanno partecipato un elevato numero di programmatori, gli utenti ricevono software che è spesso migliore sia in qualità che in prestazioni delle alternative proprietarie. Gli utenti sono incoraggiati a personalizzare il software in base alle proprie esigenze personali, cosa che è in sé un enorme passo avanti rispetto alla filosofia "uno dimensione adatta per tutti".
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Open source projects call on the talents of many people with skills other than programming. Many projects involve artists, musicians, user-interface designers and documentation authors to create a complete product.
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Free Software Movement, Open Source and Linux
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Movimento Free Software, open source e Linux
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There is often confusion between open source, free software and Linux. While all three are inter-linked, there are distinct differences which are made clearer when looking at their evolution.
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C'è spesso confusione tra open source, free software e Linux. Sebbene tutti e tre sia collegati tra loro, ci sono differenze distintive che sono rese più chiare quando si guarda la loro evoluzione.
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The Free Software Movement
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Il movimento Free Software
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In the 1960s, it was typical for software to be distributed freely by companies such as IBM and shared amongst users. Software was then considered an enabler for the hardware, around which the business model of these corporations was built. Software was provided with source code that could be improved and modified; this was therefore the very early seeds of open source software. However, as hardware became cheaper and profit margins eroded in the 1970s, manufacturers looked to software to provide additional revenue streams.
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In September 1983, Richard Matthew Stallman, former programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab launched the GNU project to create a free UNIX-like operating system (OS). He was concerned with growth in proprietary software and users' inability to access and modify programmes on their computers. Developer constraint, as opposed to freedom was prevalent. With the launch of the GNU project, Stallman started the Free Software Movement and in October 1985, set up the Free Software Foundation.
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Stallman pioneered the definition and characteristics of open source software and the concept of copyleft. He is the main author of several copyleft licenses, including the GNU General Public License (GPL), which is the most widely used free software license.
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Nice to Know:
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For more information on Richard Stallman and the GNU project, refer to the following URL: <ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_stallman">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_stallman</ulink>.
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By 1991, a number of GNU tools, including the powerful GNU compiler collection (GCC), had been created. However, a free kernel was not yet available to build a free OS that would use these tools.
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The Open Source Movement and Linux
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Il movimento Open Source e Linux
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The difference between free software and open source can be defined as the difference between a social movement (free software) and a development methodology (open source). Linux refers to the kernel, or the backbones of the open source architecture.
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In August 1991, Linus Benedict Torvalds, a Finnish second-year student of computer science at the University of Helsinki, started working on Minix.
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Linus Benedict Torvalds
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Minix is a UNIX-like OS built with open source code that Prof. Andrew S. Tanenbaum created with the intention to teach his students the internal processes of an OS.
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Linux was initially designed to be a Minix-like operating system that Linus Torvalds could use on his home computer. By mid-September, Torvalds released the first Linux kernel version 0.01. In 1994, Linux kernel version 1.0 was released under the GNU GPL. The free kernel and GNU tools provided a fertile environment for enthusiasts. By staying close to its UNIX roots, Linux provided a Command Line Interface (CLI) first; the adaptation of the X Window System made a graphical user interface (GUI) available at a later stage.
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Linux is not owned by any individual or company, not even Linus Torvalds who started Linux. However, Torvalds is heavily involved in the main kernel development process and owns the trademark, Linux.
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Is available and accessible to everyone
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Can be customised according to an individual's requirements and the platforms used
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Can be freely redistributed in its current or a modified form
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Linux open source code: <placeholder-1/>
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Initially, Linux was a very technical, hard core open source programming tool. Thousands of developers contributed to its evolution as it became more user friendly. This has resulted in the launch of hundreds of commercial and non-commercial distribution versions, designed for everyday application use which are now available.
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In 1998, Jon "maddog" Hall, Larry Augustin, Eric S. Raymond, Bruce Perens et al formally launched the Open Source Movement. They promoted open source software exclusively on the basis of technical excellence.
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Founders of the Open Source Movement
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